PAPER. Improvements in paper-making have been great aids in the development of printing. In 1827 the Fourdrinier paper machine. that pro duced paper in the so-called endless roll needed for rapid newspaper printing, was introduced in the United states. It made paper of more uni form thickness. of larger size. and at lower price. Cotton rags were used until the supply diminished. In 1860 Henry Voeltner invented a method for grinding soft woods for conversion into paper pulp. His method has been improved by chipping the wood and treating it with snit aide chemical agents, which have largely reduced its cost. Book papers that sold for 16 cents in 1550 are now sold for 5 cents or less, but the quality is not so good. See PAPER.
The methods of book and new presswork have been seriously changed. Before 1570 the rough paper then in use had to be dampened before it was thought fit for press. and type work was impressed upon it against a thick woolen or rubber blanket. which produced thick and strong print. This elastic impression was fatal to en gravings with close and shallow lines which were choked with ink. to the damage of proper light and shade. Then paper-niakers began to provide paper with a smoother surface, and printers undertook to print this paper in its dry state. Soon after, the newly discovered art of photo-engraving. which became common in books and magazines. compelled the making of still smoother paper. To supply this demand. a thin fabric of paper was coated with whiting, which. after proper smoothing or calendering. had a surface as smooth as polished metal. To print photo-engravings on this paper the elastic im pres,ion resistance had to be abandoned. and an inelastic resistance of hard cardboard sub stituted. Under this treatment the delicacy of
fine lines in an illustration could he properly preserved; the inelastic resistance improved the appearance of the illustration. but it did not im prove the readability of the type work. and it did add to the cost of presswork.
The increasing circulation of magazines that were filled with illustrations compelled the aban donment of the flat-bed cylinder press about 1884. The rotary principle then and now em ployed in newspaper work had to be adopted. but with finer mechanism nicely adjusted. In 1886 It. Hoe & Co. made for the printing of the Century itaga:.-ine a rotary press that took on 64 large octavo page and printed them in a satisfactory manner and with a speed not pos sible by any form of flat-bed cylinder.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. The bibliography of printing Bibliography. The bibliography of printing is very voluminous, and only a few of the prin cipal books treating of the art can be named here : Ha rd, Typographic. (London, ; De Vinne, The Intention of Printing (New York, 1878) ; id., Historic Printing Types (ib., 1880 ; id., Plain Types (ib., 1900); id.. Correct Com position. (ib., 1901) ; Faulman. Gcschichtc der Buchdruckerkunst (Vienna, 1582) ; Ringwalts, Encyelopallia of Printing (Philadelphia. ) Thomas. History of Printing in America (Worces ter, Mass., 1810, and Albany, N. Y., 1874) : Hoe, A Short History of the Printing Press (New York, 1002) Bigmore and Wyman, Bibliography of Printing (London. 1880-86) ; D iction(lry of Printing and Bookmaking (New York, ; Wald( ?W, Illustrirtc Encyclopiidic der graphi schen Kiinste (Leipzig. 1850-54).