PIPE JoiNTS may he grouped as calked, screwed, flanged and bolted, and riveted. The calked are used almost wholly for vitri fied clay pipe, other than drain tile. and are very largely used for east-iron pipe. They are sometimes used for steel. Pipes with calked joints generally terminate in an enlarged, curved bell or socket at one end, and are either the s one size and shape as the main pipe at the other end. or a projecting ring. This smaller end is known as the spigot or hell. After one piev of pipe has been inserted in an other, the space between the hub and the socket is Packed with lead or with cement, the lead gen erally being used for pipe. In place of a but and socket, pipe may he inserted in sleeves. or pipe of slightly larger diameter, and calked as described.. Screwed joints are effected by threading the outer ends of the pipes and screwing them into or onto some form of coupling. also provided with screw cads. Flanged and bolted joints have a pro jecting ring at each end, with holes drilled through it. parallel to the axis of the pipe. Bolts are inserted in these boles. By using or pac•kings of leather, rubber, or soft metal between the flanges, and by turning up Ihe nuts on the bolts mitil they are tight, very tight joints can be made in this way. Riveted joints have been mentioned in the paragraph on riveted wrought iron and steel pipes. These joints, Ifmgitudinal as well as ciremnferential.
may be made by lapping one edge over the other and riveting the two together; or the two metal edges may he butted against en eh other, a strap or band placed over the seam, and rivets inserted and headed each side of the seam. The requisite strength of joints is secured by decreasing the space between the rivets and by putting in two or three rows of the same.
BilimounAmt v. The literature of the subject is scattered through the engineering papers. proeeedings of emrdneering societies, and books on the applied arts employing pipe. A paper by .Terse Garrett on "Alaking Cast-Iron (Journal of New England Walcr-Works issocio tion. Boston. September, ISM) contains some interesting historical matter relating to various kinds of pipes used to convey water, besides scribing briefly the manufacture of pipe. The journal named contains mueh other material on the manufacture and uses of the various kinds of pipes. See also: Crane, History of Gas (Enginccring Record, New York. July S, 1893). for the pipe: various committee reports on Coating Oast Iron and Steel Pipes (Proceedings of American Society of Municipal Improvements, Allegheny, Pa.. 1897 to 1900). For a few of the many use of pipes. see HEATING AND VENTILATION ; I RRIGATION ; SEWERAGE; WATER SUPPLY; and WATER- WORKS.