PUMP. See PUMPS AND PUMPING MACHINERY. PUMPEIlLY, RAPHAEL ( 1837— ). An American geologist, born in Owego, N. Y., and educated in Hanover, Germany, and in the mining schools of Paris and Freiberg, from 1854 to 1860. After explorations in Corsica and in Arizona, lie received in 1861 a commission from the Japanese Government to explore the mineral wealth of the island of Yesso. In February, 1863, under pres sure of the anti-foreign party, the Shogun dis the foreign employees who were "spying out the land." Pnmpelly then went to China, and, having been commissioned by the' Chinese Government to report on the coal supply of the Empire, he made journeys through the central and northern provinces and into the Desert of Gobi. Upon the completion of this work in 1864, be spent a short time in Nagasaki, and then returned to Europe by way of Siberia. The Smithsonian institution published a volume re cording his geological researches in China, Mon golia, and Japan, and this was supplemented by a popular narrative of his travels and adventures entitled Across America and Asia ( 1S70). Upon his return to the United States Pumpelly was appointed professor of mining in Harvard Univer sity, an office which he held from 1866 to 1S73.
During a short period he was the State geologist of :Michigan and then of :Missouri, and in 1879 he entered the service of the United States Geolog ical Survey. In 1879-SO, he conducted at New port, R. L, an investigation for the National Board of Health on the filtering ability of various soils. In ISSI he organized an important trans continental survey through the northwestern ter ritories of the United States. In 18S4 he again entered the United States Geological Survey. in 1903 he left this country for the purpose of mak observations in the Trans-Caspian country under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. His publications include: Geolog ical Researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan, published by the Smithsonian Institution ( IS66) ; cross America and Asia (1870) ; Geology of the Copper District of Michigan (1875) ; Iron Ores and Coal Fields in .Missouri (1873) ; "The Industries of the United States," in vol. xv. of the United Sta-tes Census Report (18811); and Geol ogy of the Green Mountains (1894).