RAFFAELLI, rfi'fa'1V, JEAN FRANcOIS ( 1850— ). A French painter, sculptor, and etcher, born in Paris. He began his career as a singer, then studied art under GOrome, and first exhibited in 1870. But be did not fully reveal himself until an exhibition of his works held in 1884, for which he wrote a catalogue, Etude des mouvements de ('art moderne ct du beau caraeterisme. Though powerfully influenced by the impressionist movement and by the purely naturalistic school, he was like Degas rather an independent in his own methods. He is especially a student of character, and in his early works deals mostly with low life in the suburbs of Paris, often in winter. The back grounds are long straight roads. bordered by slender trees, and the typical suburban buildings beneath a melancholy lowering sky. An example of this style is "The Old Convalescents" (1892, Luxembourg). Afterwards his range became wider, and his later works are more happily conceived. Spring takes the place of winter in delicate luminous landscapes, and he paints such pictures as the series of views of Notre Dame, the "White Horse ;" the charming portrait of his daughter Germaine (1896) ; "Young Girl Regard ing Herself in a Mirror" (1S97) : "Portrait of Mlle. Marie Louise" (1898) ; and "Young Girl
with the Cornflower." Other pictures by him are "At Gonon's Foundry" (Lyons Museum) ; "Old Ragpicker" (Nantes Museum) ; and the portrait of Edmond de Goncourt (Nancy Mu seum). His medium is generally oil or pastel. and he is the inventor of a new method of using solid oil tubes in painting, which has so far proved successful. His work as a sculptor in cludes bas-reliefs, portraits, and character studies in plaster and bronze. His drawings were published in the Revue Illustre'e, and as Types de Paris, and he is also an etcher of ability. In 1839 lie received a gold medal at the Universal Exposition and the Legion of Honor.