RATZEL, rlit'sel, FRIEDRICH ( 1844-1904 ) . A German geographer and t ra veler born at Karlsruhe, and educated in science at Karlsruhe, Heidelberg. Jena. Berlin, and elsewhere. As correspondent of the Kolnisehe Zeitung he trav eled in 1869 in Italy, Sicily, and Southern France, and in 1S72-75 in the United States, :Nlexico, and Cuba. In 1876 he became professor of geog raphy at the Polytechnic School of Munich. and in 18S6 was appointed to a similar position at the University of Leipzig. Among his printed works are: Seitz and Werden der organisehen Welt (186S) ; Wandertage tines Xaturforsehers ; rorgeschiehte des eu-ropiiischen Mensehen (1S75); Stiidte- and Kulturbilder ens Nordamerike (1870); Die Staaten von Yordamerika Die Erde, in 24 Vortriigeu (1881); (1895) ; and Die Erde and des Leben (1802). With Schwein furth he edited Emil' Pasha's letters of travel and reports (Leipzig, 1888).
RAU*, rou. KARL HEINRICH ( 1792-1870) . A German economist, born at Erlangen. He stud
ied at the University of Erlangen, where he became privat-docent in 1S12, professor extraor dinary in 1816, and in 1818 full professor of po litical economy. In 1S22 he was called to the chair of political economy at Heidelberg Univer sity. His principal works are: Leber des Zunft wesen and die Folgen seiner A ufhcbang (1816) ; Grundriss der Kameraheissensehaft and Wirt sehaftslehre (1823) ; and Lehrbneh der politi schen. Oekonomie (1826-37). Rau was at first an adherent of the views of the earlier German economic writers, and defended the policy of the guild regulations and of mercantilism. In his Lehrbueb, which was long considered the classi cal German work on economics, he adopts the gen eral position of Adam Smith and Say, but retains a tendency to advocate the extension of the mimic functions of the State. He founded in 1835 the Archly der politischen Oekonoinie noel Polizeitcissenschaf t.