('REED or.) Pius exerted himself vigorously to carry out the reforming lb./Tees of the council, though much of this work was reserved for the following pontificate. lle died December 9. 1565, in the arms of his nephew, Charles Borromeo (Tv.), 151n1111 he had made a eardinal.—Plus V..
Saint, Pope 1566-72, Michele lie was Lori in 1501 at Bosco. near Alessandria. en tered the Dominican order at fourteen. and after the completion of his studies was employed in various eapacities, educational and administra tive. Paul IV. made him Bishop of Sutri in 1556, cardinal in 1557. and grand inquisitor in 1558. His main task as Pope was to enforce the reforming decrees of the of Trent. Aus tere and self-denying in his personal life, lie ex pected equal devotion on the part of others, and met opposition with unflinching firmness. 1 IC republished the Ind 1 fa 001(n Domini (q.v.) in a more rigorous form. and excommunicated and at tempted to depose Elizabeth of England for her refusal to submit. The resources of the Papacy were employed to assist the Catholic cause against the Huguenots in Franco and to protect Christendom from the Turks. With Spain and Venice, Pius organized the Holy League against the Turks, who were signally defeated in the nasal battle of Lepanto. lle completed the 'Ro man catechism, and published thoroughly revised editions of the missal and breviary. Ile was canonized by Clement X11. ill 1712. Consult Fa'.
lonx. Ilistoire de saint Pie 13d ed., Paris, 1855).
Pius VI., Pope 1775-99, Giovanni Angelo-Bras chi. Tle was born of an impoverished but noble family in 1717. and early entered the ecclesiasti cal service. being made a cardinal in 1773 by Clement XIV.. whom lie succeeded two years later. The maintained the position of the Church with uncompromising firmness against the Em peror Josrph H. and his brother. Leopold I. of Tuscany (afterwards Emperor Leopold II.) ; but his greatest troubles came from the aggressions of the French Republic. In 1793 a popular tumult in Rome. which was caused by the im prudence of a French political agent named De Basseville, and resulted in his death, gave the Directory some years later an opportunity for hostile demonstrations. In 1706 Bonaparte took possession of the legations and afterwards of the March of Ancona, and by a threatened advance upon Rome extorted from Pius, in the Treaty of Tolcntino 1797), the surrender of these provinces, which were eonstituted part of the Cisalpine Republic. Finally the Directory ordered an advance upon Rome; Berthier entered the city February 10, 1798. where the 1 101nall Republic was proelaimed, and ten days later the Pope, refusing to renounce his temporal sov ereignty. was seized and carried off to Siena and later to the Certosa near Florence. On the threatened advance of the Austro-Russian army in the following year. he was transferred to Grenoble, and finally to Valence on the Rhone, whore, worn out by age and the rigor of confine ment. he died, August 29. 1799, after the longest pontificate until then recorded.
Plus VII., Pope 1800-23. Gregorio Luigi Bar naba Chiaramonti. He was horn at Cesena in 1742, and entered the Benedictine Order at the age of sixteen, and was employed in teaching philosophy and theology at Parma, and after wards at Rome. lie was appointed Bishop of Tivoli, and in 1785, being created cardinal, was transferred to the See of Imola. Upon his election to the Papacy in 1800, Rome was re stored to the Papal authority, and in .Tel' of that year Pius V11. entered his capital; and in the following year the French troops were withdrawn from the Papal territory, with the exception of the legations. From this time for ward Pius, ably seconded by his Secretary of State, Cardinal Consalvi, was destined to occupy a prominent place in the political as well as the ecclesiastical affairs of Europe. Bonaparte had resolved to restore religion in France 011 the ancient basis of connection with Rome. With this view. he entered into negotiations with Pius VII. for the establishment of a concordat suited to the new order of things which had arisen. It was agreed to at Paris. July 15, 1801; ratified in Ronw, August 14th; and published in Notre Dame on Easter Sunday. 1802. Butt, simul taneously with the concordat. and as if forming part of the same arrangement, was published a code of what were called 'organic laws,' seriously affeeting the discipline of the Church with regard to marriage, the clergy, and public worship, which had never been submitted to Pius, and to which he not only had not consented, but to which he found himself compelled to offer every opposition. For the first year which succeeded the publication of the concordat, no occasion of difficulty arose: but conflict of principle, was in the end' inevitable. In 1804 Bonaparte, having
resolved on assuming the Imperial crown, in vited Pius to come to Paris for the purpose of crowning him, and the Pope, although with much hesitation, consented. He took advantage of his visit to demand the recall or modification of the articles of the code, but without success; and al though, during his visit to Paris, he was treated with great distinction and reverence, his relations with Napoleon from that date began to assume a less friendly character. The French Emperor now proceeded from one petty outrage to another, until finally, in February, 1808, the French troops, under General Miollis, entered Rome and took possession of the Castle of Sant' Angelo. and on April 2d a decree was issued annexing the provinces of Ancona, Fenno, Urbino, and Macerata to the Kingdom of Italy. Pins, besides protesting against the usurpation. declared him self a prisoner in the French hands, and confined himself to his palace. Finally (May 17, 1809) the usurpation was consummated by a decree annexing Rome and all the remaining Papal territory to the French Empire. This was the signal for the Pope's abandoning his policy of forbearance. On June 10th Pius issued a hull of excommunication. directed (without naming Napoleon) against the perpetrators and abettors of the invasion of the rights and the territory of the Holy See. Soon afterwards the French Emperor ordered the removal of the Pope from Rome; and Pius, without offering any resistance beyond the declaration that he yielded to force, was removed, first to Florence, then to Grenoble, thence for a longer time to Savona. whence. in June. 1812, he was finally transferred to Fon tainebleau. During this prolonged captivity Pius firmly but quietly resisted every effort to compel or seduce him from his policy. At Fontainebleau he was treated with much external respect; and on Napoleon's return from the Russian cam paign, in December, 1812. orders were given that the cardinals, with certain exceptions, should be admitted to the presence of the Pope. Under much pressure, both from the Emperor himself and from the ecclesiastics to whom the Emperor confided his plans, Pius was induced to sign a new concordat, an important provision of which was the recognition of the annexation of the Roman States to the Empire. Having obtained the concession, Napoleon at once permitted the absent cardinals to return, and of these many remonstrated so earnestly against the concordat that, on March 24th. Pius wrote to revoke his consent. Napoleon took no notice of the revoca tion; nor was it till after the disasters of 1813 that he began to seek an accommodation. Pius refused to treat until he should be restored to Rome; and on January 22, 1814. orders were sent for his immediate return to his capital. Unat tended by his cardinals. he was escorted to Italy, and remained at Cesena until the campaign of the spring of 18]4 placed Paris in the hands of the Allies, when Pius reentered Rome amid the gratulations of the people. During the Hundred Days be was again compelled to leave it: but, after the campaign of Waterloo, he finally resumed possession, which was undis turbed for the rest of his life, and extended to the whole of the ancient territory. including the legations. His last years were devoted to measures of internal administration, and marked by much wisdom and moderation. Pius repressed with great vigor the disorder and brigandage which the long wars had encouraged, and the secret societies, especially that of the Carbonari (q.v.). In 1814 he formally restored the Order of Jesuits (q.v.). Ili- private life was a model of gentleness, simplicity. and benev olence. Consult his Life by Mary Allies (Lon don, 1901) ; Cardinal Pacca's Historical Memoirs (Eng. trans_ by Sir George Head, London. 1850) Artaud, Histoire du pope Pic LH. (2 vols., Paris, 1836) ; D'Haussonville, LYglise romaine et le premier empire (5 vols., 5th ed., Paris, 1870) ; Celani. II noggin di I'io LH. a Parigi (Rome, 1893).—Pms VIII.. Pope 1S29 30, Francesco Xaverio Casti:dioni. He was horn at Cingoli, near Ancona, in 1761. He held in succession the bishoprics of Montalto. Cesena. and Frascati. and was made cardinal in 1816. During his brief pontificate he opposed the slave trade in Brazil, civil marriages in Prussia. and the attacks on the Church emanating from Free masons and Bible societies. Consult: Artaud, Histoire du pope Pie 177I. (Paris, 1844) : Wise man, Recollections of the Lost Four Popes (Lon don, 18581.