SMITH SOUND. E. A. Inglefield by his voyage of 1859 opened waterways to the north. as he reached 78° 28' N., off Cape Sabine. Ile also penetrated far into Jones Sound and charted 600 miles of new coast. In 1853 Dr. E. K. Kane of Philadelphia pushed the .141.8111re through Smith Sound into Rensselaer Harbor, 78° 3' N.. 71' W. His surgeon, Dr. I. I. Hayes, traced the east shore of Grinnell Land to Cape Frazer. 79° IS' N., and W. Morton. a member of Kane's party, pass ing Humboldt glacier. reached Cape Constitu tion, 80° 35' N., whence he viewed Kennedy Channel to Mount Ross. In 185.5 Kane aban doned his ship and retreated safely to Upernivik by boat. Hayes in the United State s returned to Smith Sound in 1860, wintering his ship in Foulke Fiord and penetrating the inland ice sonic forty miles. In 1861 by a sledge journey he reached the vieinity of Cape Goode. Grinnell Land. about 80° 11' N. Captain Ilall sue cevded better, and in the Polaris (1871), pass ing Kennedy and Robeson channels, (mtered the Arctic Ocean near Repulse Harbor. 82' I l' N., the highest northing, then attained by ship. Forced southward by ice, he anchored in Robeson Channel, under Ice of a huge lloeberg, explored adjacent parts of Greenland. and charted the Grinnell Land to its northern extremity beyond the 83d parallel. hall died that autumn. and the Polaris, returning south in 1872. was wrecked near Littleton island. Part of the crew under Captain Tyson drifted in the ice-pack five months, 1300 miles, and were saved off Labrador by the Tigress. Others wintering at Polaris boat-house were rescued in 1873 near Cape York.
George S. Naves in 1875 commanded a British squadron, of which the Diseorrry wintered in 1..adv Franklin Boy, while the Alert was pushed into the Polar Sea to Floeberg leads, 52' 25' N., on the northeast coast of Grinnell Land. The member; of t h is pa rty made several notable sledge journeys. L. A. 13ettumont from Discovery Harbor extended the northern shores of 011441 land from ape i30:111t to ('apt• Britannia. P. Aldrich traced 1,rinnell Land to Columbia, 53- 7' \.. and thence t‘estword to Cape Alfrcd Ernest, so, W.. 220 miles of new coast. Lieu ten•t11t Nrelter explored a fiord of hi- own name. A. 11. _Markham, taking to the frozen sea, attained 20' N.. then the highest north.
Next the Allletie:111 aunirihutiuu to the interimtional polar expedition under A. NV. Greely, which primarily devoted itself to scien tific observations. magnetic, meteorological. tidal, pendulum. etc.. front 1s51 to 1552. The com mander explored the great. glacial lake system of interior Grinnell Land. .1. B. Lockwood and D. T.. Brainard later crossed Grinnell Land to the southeast. oli-eovered oIreely Fiord. and extended
that inlet to Cape Lockwood, about 53° NV.. 50° N. These inland journeys added about 6000 square miles of new land, developed fertile val leys, and plentiful animal life• in a land thought to be largely ice-espped.
Lockwood and Brainard, accompanied by a supporting party to Cape Bryant, discovered a archipelago north of Greenland. and attained 21' N., 43° \V. They located Cape Washing ton, 35' X.. 38° W., and determined that there was no land in the Aretie far the s-lth parallt•I. It was then the highest north ever attained. and Peary's explorations show this archipelago to ho the must northerly known land. In Ititil the Cape Sabine region was ex plored by the Grccly expedition. when F. Long discovered Sehley Land. at the head of Hayes Bay. Nordenskjahl (1553) from Disco Bay reached an elevation of 660o feet on the inland ice of Greenland in 65° 32' N., 43° W.. moire than half way to the east coast. Nansen's eroaing (1555) was not a polar journey. The most persistent explorer of Smith Sound is IL E. Peary.. who has passel) tend, of eight years therein. In 1Ss6 he ascended the inland ice fifty miles from Di-en. In 1592, with one companion, Eivind Astrup, he (Tossed from \le(rora1ivk Bay to Independenee Bay, 430 miles in a direct line. Be repeated this trip in 1595. These difficult tourneys. over an ice-cop 5000 feet high, defined the northeast limit of Greenland, 51° 37' N.. 34° NV.. solute 2110 miles of Lambert (1670) on the east coast. lm his latest voyage (1595-1902) Peary estalbli•hed the continuity of Ellesmere and Grinnell lands, west of Hayes Bay, and also crossed from near Cape Hawke: to the vicinity of Greely Fiord on the west coast. In 1900, passing Cape Washington of 1.0ekwnoll. he left the solid •round in 53° 39' N. (the most northern known land), and reached s3° 30' N. on the Aretie ice pack. Peary's farthest east. 53° N.. 35' W.. de termines the limitation of the northeast coast of the arehipelogo above Greenland. In 1901, leav ing Capx• Heela. Grinnell Land. he attained 54° 17' N., 63° W., the record latitude in the Western 0. Sverdrup. wintering in the Pram in Kane Basin ( 1598-99) and in Jones Sound (1599-1902), proved the continuity of Ellesmere Land by tracing its western shores from Beleher's farthest in Jones's Sound to a point north of Greely's Fiord, within 60 miles of ,Ahlricles farthest. Svt•rdrup also discovered and traced the coats of three islands, to the west ward of Ellesmere Land, the largest extending frost. about 79 to N.. and two others being loetween 78° and 50° N., and from 92° to 106'