SWITZERLAND AND CALVIN. Parallel with the Lutheran movement in Germany a religious re volt on similar lines developed in the German cantons of Switzerland under the leadership of Ulrich Zwingli (q.v.), a Zurich pastor (1519). The causes of the Swiss movement were partly political, but the underlying principles involved were the same as in Germany, and the outbreak was finally due to the question of indulgences. The cantons surrounding Lake Lucerne remained, as they are to-day, strongly attached to the Cath olic faith. Their resistance to the reformers led to a civil war, and Zwingli was killed in 1531 while accompanying the troops of Zurich on a disastrous expedition. Before Zwingli's death in 1529 an attempt was made by the friends of the two reform leaders to bring Luther and Zwingli into cooperation. Luther and Melanch thon met Zwingli, Bucer, and CEcolampadius at Marburg on the invitation of Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, one of the earliest and wisest supporters of the Reformation. The meeting failed to ac complish anything, owing to their difference in regard to the Lord's Supper, which Zwingli held to be a memorial and a symbol, while Luther in sisted on the acceptance of the doctrine of con substantiation as a fundamental principle of Christian faith. Thus the division of Protestant ism began on the very threshold. Zurich de clared its ecclesiastical independence in 1524, Berne and Saint Gall followed in 152S, Basel and Schaffhausen in 1529. The movement was checked temporarily by the defeat of Zurich and the death of Zwingli, but the accession of Geneva to the Protestant cause in 1535 and the establish ment there of John Calvin, the great organizer of the Reformation, gave a new impulse to the Swiss movement and speedily made Switzerland a centre for the promulgation of Reformation ideas. Calvin was the needed element to make
the Reformation aggressive. Luther was too thoroughly a German to carry much weight ex cept among Germanic peoples, and Lutheranism became a German State religion, settling in time into a rigid mold which prevented expansion. Calvin. on the other hand, was more of a jurist and administrator than a preacher. His theological creed was one that in those days most of the reformers could accept, and his Institutes be came the constitution of Protestantism, outside of the North German and Scandinavian coun tries. The Swiss followers of Zwingli adhered to the new leader. Two great Protestant sects were thus formed at the very beginning—Lutherans and Calvinists or 'Reformed.' From the teach ings of Calvin came the congregational idea of Church government with its far-reaching political consequences. The Protestants of France, Hol land, and Scotland followed the guidance of Cal vin. who maintained a constant correspondence with the leaders of the Reformed movement in these countries. A little later, when persecution began in England, English exiles came to the Continent, imbibed the lessons of Calvinism. and carried them back to become the marrow of English Puritanism.