TASMANIA. The most important discoveries have been accomplished by this route. The first visitors were Cook (1773), who reached 67° 31' S.. 142° 54' AV.. and Bellingshausen (1820), who reached 67° S., 170° \V., neither seeing land. (1839) first discovered land. the Balleny Islands. 67° S.. 163° E., and Sabrina Land. 66" S..120° E.. and attained at sea 69° S.. 172° E. In 1839 C. Wilkes discovered land at six different point' between 65° 20' and 66° 20' S., and 106° to 154° E., 75 miles of mountain ranges being in sight at once. all faced by an ice-barrier. Whether these are separate islands or the continent of Antarctica has been hotly argued. DA:rville, was sighted two of Wilkes's lands also, discov ered. in 1840. Adelie Island, 67° S., 140° W.
In 1841 C. Ross discovered Victoria Land and traced its east coast to 77' S.. a mountain ous, ice-capped region. with two great volcanoes. Erebus and Terror. of which the first is active. Ross thence followed east (1843) for 300 miles an unbroken ice-harrier, about 200 feet high, to 78° 10' S.. 161° 27' W.. then the farthest south. In 1S99 Borehgrevink wintered at ('ape Adare, IS' S.. 170° E.. and explored the adjacent ice-clad regions, finding five kinds of lichens and a few insects. His magnetic observations place the south magnetic pole in about 73° 20' S.. 146° E.. a displacement of over six degrees of longi tude from the determination of .I. C. Ross (1842), 72° 35' S., 152° 30' E. also followed the ice-barrier. which had appa rently receded some 40 miles in 60 years. and ascending it at 78° 34' S.. attained on the ice 78° 50' S., 165° AV. An English expedition tinder Scott spent the winter of 1902 in Victoria Land, and in the succeeding summer (January. 1903) the commander, with two members of his party. by a sledge journey, reached the latitude of S2' 17' S.. 163° E., on the coast of Victoria Laud. Another expedition under Armitage pene trated the interior of Victoria Land, found the ice-cap thousands of feet in thickness, and at tained to 77° 21' S. and 157° E.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Arctic: 1:1111(11111, 'oyag( s ToBibliography. Arctic: 1:1111(11111, 'oyag( s To- wards the North West, I j9(1-101 ?185!) ; Scor esby, An Account of the Arctic Regions and of the Whale Fishery (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1820) ; Parry, Narratirc of an Attempt to reach the North Pole,Isri I 1828) Franklin—tour ney to the Shores of the Polar Or( an (London, 1824) ; McClintock. A Narr«tir( of the Discovery of the flue of Sir•John Franklin (London, 1s59; 5th ed. 1881) ; (Alder, Sehwatka's S'eareh for the
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