THE SPITZBERGEN ARCHIPELAGO. Seientifie ex ploration of the archipelago been in the nine teenth century with Clavering and Sabine (1824), and the French commission, Fabre, Gaimard. Martins. and Marmier (18381. Most notable of countless explorations in recent years are the following: Torrell and Nordenskjahl (1861) first visited Northeast Land. reaching Cape Platen and Phipps Island. 80° 42' N.: Carl sen (1S63) first eireumnavigat Spitzbergen: Nordenskjild (1872) first crossed Northeast Land from Otter Island to Wallenberg Bay; Leigh Smith (1571) traced and rounded North east. Land to Cape Smith on the east coast, and reached 51 30' 's., Is' E.: Conway (180(i) crossed in several ways the main island. and surveyed 600 square miles of the ice' free interior. Danes Island (1807) was the base of the tragic balloon voyage of (q.v.).
Of easterly extensions of the archipelago, opin ion- w idely lifer as to Giles and `Niche Lands. Possildy White and New Iceland already mentioned, are the Giles Land of 1707. \\ iche Land of Edge (1617) is probably King Charles Land• which, rediscovered from Mount White by Norden-4dd (1864), was first visited by Nilsen (1872).
E.ksT GREENLAND. Nor has this route to the far north been notch more successful as regards East Greenland. After Iludson saw the coast in 1607, at 73° N.. it was observed occasionally by whalers as follows: Ilainke (1(54), 74.5° N.; Rut's (1653), 73.5° N.; Edam (1653). 70° N.; and Lambert (1670), 7S.5° N. \V. Scoresby, Jr. (1822 and later), discovered Scoresby Sound and charted 800 miles of coast between 69° and 75° N., giving the first correct idea of the coast. Sabine and Clavering (1823) explored the coast from Pendulum lsland to Shannon Island, 75° 12' N. Koldewe• and Payer (1870) reached I' N., the highest point attained by this route. What is more important, they discovered and explored Franz Josef Fiord, penetrating in land live degrees of longitude to 7:1° II' N.. 26° W. The Danish sea captain Wandel (1879) surveyed the coast front a distance of about six miles between 66° and 69° N. Crank (1829), Bohn (185385). and Ryder (1002) did excellent work south of the Arctic Circle; Peary's crossing, is elsewhere mentioned. Naero (1900) reached 75° 30' N., the highest by ship in modern times.
1..i.xcAs1En SOVND AND THE NORTHWEST
PASSAGE RV SE.y. The first great advance toward the Northwest Passage came through three voy ages of john Davis, who discovered the strait afterwards named for him in 1585, reaching the vicinity of what is now Godthaab, Greenland. Failing in 1556, Davis in 1588 by a of reckless daring reached Sanderson's Dope, about 72° 12', and, taming westward in his tiny craft, passed through the dreaded middle ice of Baffin's Bay to the west shore. Ilk discoveries covered West Greenland from Cape Farewell to Sander son's Ilope, and the American coasts from Labra dor to Cumberland Island. Ile yeas followed by another great English sailor. William Bailin• in the Discovery, of only 55 tons, With Nyhich, reach ing Bailin Islands, he crossed the hay of his nalue by the 'Middle Passage,' passed Cape York• and on ,lul• 5. 1616. was in Smith Sound in sight of Cape Alexander. ills latitude of 77° 45' N. re mained unequaled in this sea for 236 years. Baffin added to geographical knowledge Eli tuere and Prudhoe lands, and the sounds of Smith, Jones, and Lancaster.
John Ross in ISIS penetrated Lancaster Sound some fifty miles• but, meeting heavy ice, mistook it for a closed bay. lie was followed in 1819 by one of the ablest of Arctic explorers, William E. Parry, who opened to the westward a series of magnificent waterways: Lancaster Sound, Bar row Strait, Melville Sound, and Banks Strait• leading through the Parry Archipelago to the Arctic Ocean. Parry's route, along the 74th parallel, was to the north of the magnetic pole, the compass Va union ion changing gradually from 109° \V. to 180° W., and thenee to 166° E. Land journeys of his party in 1820 explored the vicin ity of their winter quarters at Melville Island. Parry's sceond voyage. only important in relation to Franklin's laud journeys, explored (1821-23) Repulse Bay and Melville Peninsula. In his third voyage (1825) the Fury was lost in Prince Regent Inlet. The expedition of John Itoss, of unprecedented length ( 1829-34 ) , ex plored Boothia Felix Peninsula, the northern extremity of the American continent, and King William Land, together with adjacent waterways. Most important was the location by his nephew, .lames Clark Boss, of the north magnetic pole in 70° 5' N., 96° 44' \V.