When the like responses of many individuals have developed through the consciousness of kind into concerted volition, the total resemblance thus established may he called like-mindedness. According as instinctive, sympathetic, dogmatic, o• critical elements predominate does concerted volition vary in character from an almost in stinctive action up through impulsive and con tagious action to formal o• fanatical action and ultimately to deliberative action. Like-minded ness, as a whole, may therefore be described as instinctive, sympathetic, dogmatic, or delibera tive. Instinctive like-mindedness is found only in those ignorant populations in which the ideo motor type of mind predominates. Sympathetic like-mindedness, widely prevalent in all nations, is characterized by impulsiveness, suggestibility, susceptibility to the stimuli of emblem and shib boleth, imitativeness, and contagious emotion. Association in crowds is highly favorable to its genesis. Among the chief forms that sympathetic like-mindedness assumes are revivals, panics, sympathetic strikes, riots, and insurrections. Dogmatic like-mindedness is marked by dog matically held belief, deference to authority, and fanatical action. It finds expression in zealous agitations, strong partisanship, and reliance on governmental power to regulate private conduct. Deliberative like-mindedness is characterized by inductive research, discussion, freedom of speech and of meeting, and rational action. It substi tutes evidence for irrational modes of proof, and it is creative of the highest institutional activi ties.
The chief social bonds vary according to the situation, size, and composition of the popula tion, its degree of mental and moral homo geneity, and the dominant stimuli of its activi ties. In small and comparatively isolated popu lations, ethnically and mentally homogeneous, there is a strong consciousness of kind, and the community is held together largely by acts of imitation and kindness. In the small and hetero geneous community, as a mining camp, for ex ample, where men, strangers to one another at first, congregate in the pursuit of economic well being, the sympathetic elements of the conscious TIOSS of kind, and imitation, are relatively unim portant factors. Conflict., sharp and decisive, between man and man, brings about a general condition of toleration and spontaneous justice, gradually supplemented by good will and help fulness. In such a community there is always. spontaneous allegiance to daring leadership and it becomes a social bond of great strength. Con tagious emotion also is often a bond supplement ing the others.
In a compound population, so made by invasion and conquest, the bond that ties t-he social system is the power of the conquerors and the submis sion and obedience of the conquered. The perma nence of this bond depends upon that physiograph ic concentration and practical cohesion of the con querors which in-sures the maintenance of their sovereignty. If the character of the country and
the stimuli of economic opportunity and of oppor tunity for adventure are such that the invaders become dispersed. various personal efforts to establish sovereignty result in the creation of those untrustworthy bonds of intrigue and con spiracy which are made to appear of universal importance in the chapters of Machiavelli's Prince, and generally in the records of turbulent times. With the establishment of equilibrium through conflict, which eliminates excessively unlike unequal elements from the popula tion, conspiracy gives place to relations of con tract, which thenceforward remains an important, o• even the chief, social bond. Finally, in a complex population of highly differentiated ele ments which are undergoing assimilation, and which are already mentally alike in the impor tant respect that they cherish CO111111011 ideals, especially ideals of liberty and enlightenment, the chief social bond4 may come to consist in fidelity, honesty, and social service.
Thus it appears from descriptive sociology that many of the theories of the origin and nature of society which appeared in political philosophy from the days of Aquinas and Dante down to those of Ilousseau were within limits true. The sympathy or fellowship theories of the early Christian writers are true of small homogeneous communities. The natural justice theories of the early legal writers are true of small hetero geneous communities. The sovereignty theories which found full expression in the writings of Bodin are true of the compound communities formed by invasion and conquest. The intrigue and conspiracy theories of Machiavelli are true of compound populations which have been reduced to disorder by the disintegrating influence of chronic conflict. Society in this condition is the `state of nature' of Hobbes, while the state of nature of Locke and Hooker exists when the ele ments of the population are sufficiently alike to live in toleration, if not in sympathy. Given conditions of toleration and natural justice, the creation of a higher social order through good understanding and contract may always be looked for.
(3) The Social Organization.—The social or ganization is the outcome of two conditions, namely (1) permanent relations of domicile and coiiperation, and (2) the approval and sanction of such relations by the general will. Social organization is therefore an expression of like mindedness in the population. Peculiarities in its development are partly accounted for by the passion of like-minded people to make the com munity more and more homogeneous in mental and moral qualities, and partly by a growing ap preciation of the value of unlike-mindedness as a means of variation and progress.