The stability of organization depends upon a recognition by the community that organization must benefit the organized, and that in a highly specialized social constitution expert knowledge is of vital importance.
(4) The Social studying the social welfare we investigate the social function ing. The sum of the ends for which society ex ists is social warfare. Such ends are approximate o• ultimate. The immediate results of efficient social organization are certain general conditions of well-being, in which all members of the com munity may share. They include the security of life and property which the political system maintains; the liberty and the justice which it is the business of the legal system to maintain; the material well-being which is created by the economic system; and the knowledge and the command over nature which are created by the cultural system. Collectively these proximate ends are public utilities. The ultimate end of society, as Plato and Aristotle so clearly recog nized, is the perfection of personality, the crea tion of the social man. In the evolution of the social personality all phases of the life of the individual are affected. Vitality, mentality, mo rality, and that special aspect of morality which may be called sociality, are broadened and strengthened, or they are diminished, by the rela tions which man bears to his fellows. No two individuals are affected by social conditions in quite the same way o• degree, and therefore the population is differentiated, in respect, of these matters, into classes.
The primary distribution of the population according to vitality is into physically normal persons and defectives. and the normal are con veniently graded into the high, the medium. and the low vitality classes. In the high vitality class are those individuals who have a high birth rate, a low death rate, and a high degree of bodily vigor and mental power. This class is found chiefly in the well-to-do agricultural sections of the population. The medium vitality class roughly corresponds to the business and professional men of the large towns and great cities. The low vitality class is created chiefly by unsanitary conditions in great cities, but it is found also in an ignorant, uncleanly part of the rural population. The defective include the blind, the deaf and dumb, and the congenitally de formed.
In respect of mentality the population is dif ferentiated into the normal and the mentally ab normal or defective. In respect of morality it is differentiated into the moral and the immoral, and in respect of sociality into the social and the unsocial. The mentally normal, the moral, and
the social arc conveniently divided into the low, medium, and high cla'sses. The mentally ab normal include the neurotic, e.g. the emotionally unbalanced and the hysterical. the intellectually unbalanced or insane, and the idiotic. The im moral include those to whom the word is ordi narily applied, also the vicious and the depraved. Morality is here used to mean objectively that conduct which the community as a whole ap provet, and subjectively self-respect and that desire for the good opinion of others which Spencer has called ego-altruism. Viciousness is that degree of variation from the prevailing prac tical resemblance in matters of conduct which the community disapproves and informally pun ishes. Sociality as here used means objectively a Willing and efficient sharing in the acquaintance and cooperation of society, and subjectively al truism. thoughtfulness for others, sympathy. kindliness, and helpfulness. The opposite of so ciality is c•iminality—that degree of variation from the prevailing practical resemblance in matters of conduct which the community dis approves and formally punishes. The low social ity class is composed of those in whom the social nature is positive hut undeveloped. In the me dium sociality class this nature is highly devel oped. Those who belong to this class are so cialized. In the high sociality class the social nature is developed in the highest degree. Those who belong to this class are both socialized and individualized. They not only participate in al truistic activities, but they also plan and lead them. The unsocial include the de-individualized, who contribute nothing to society, but are de pendent upon it; the desocialized, who have be come hostile to society and forcibly prey upon it ; and the degraded, who are both de-individualized and desocialized. The de-individualized include paupers, and the desoeialized include criminals.
The supreme achievement of society and the final measure of the success or failure of any State is its contribution of great personalities, great creations of art, great thoughts and ideals, to that universal society which embraces all mankind and endures through the ages of his tory. Measured by this standard some petty city States, like Athens and Florence. have been among the supreme examples of social evolution.