GREAT BRITAIN. In August, 1829, a temper ance society was started at New Ross, County of Wexford, Ireland, whose members pledged themselves to abstain from liquors, except as medicine. At the same time a similar move ment began in the north of Ireland. Within twelve months there were sixty societies, with 3500 members. The Glasgow and West of Scot land Temperance Society was founded in Novem ber. Up to this time the moderate use of liquor was permitted, but John Daire and others of the Society of Dunfermline pledged themselves to total abstinence and began to form total ab stinence societies. The first societies in Eng land were established at Bradford, Warrington, and Manchester in 1830. The British and Foreign Temperance Society, founded in London (June, 1831), through the influence of William Collins of Glasgow-, was for some years the leading tem perance society in England, It was the first to start a crusade against beer. The movement for total abstinence had its beginning at Preston in Lancashire. After the formation of the Youth's Temperance Society at Preston in 1834, and its extension to other forms, a conference was held at Manchester, resulting in the organization of the British Association for the Promotion of Temperance, on the Principle of Total Absti nence from all Intoxicating Liquors. Thereup on the total abstinence clement struggled for recognition in the British and Foreign Temper ance Society. In August, 1836, the teetotal so ciety was merged into the New British and For eign Society for the Suppression of intemper ance. The later periods of temperance work in Great Britain may be designated by: ( 1 ) the Father Mathew crusade in 1838. during which in two years 1.800.000 people took- pledges in Ire land; (2) the beginning of work among children through the formation of Bands of Hope, in 1847; (3) the John R. Gough (q.v.) mission in 1858; (4) the introduction of Good Templarism, in 1868; and (5) the organization of the Blue Ribbon Army on February 10, 1878, now the Blue Ribbon Gospel Temperance with branch or ganizations, the Help Myself Societies for men and the Belp One Another Societies for women. The United Kingdom Alliance (1S53) urges pro hibition upon Parliament.
The temperance movement in America and Great Britain has been characterized by the emotionalism of religious revivals. Prayer and conversion were offered as aids to reform. Many religious organizations as such have interested themselves in temperance work. The Methodist Church from the days of the Wesleys has ad vocated total abstinence. The Friends were op posed to drinking, and among the Dunkards ab stinence was a test of fellowship. Since the be
ginning of the nineteenth century, Baptists, Con gregationalists, and Presbyterians have been op posed to drinking. In the ,United States church members are more often connected with non-sec tarian organizations. Among the general church organizations are: The Congregational Total Abstinence Association (1874) ; The Baptist Total Abstinence Association (1874) ; the Total Abstinence Society of the Presbyterian Church of England (1S92) ; a number among various Methodist sects; Church of England Temperance Society (1862, reorganized 1873), formed to pro mote temperance, to study the causes of the abuse of alcohol. and to do rescue work. The Roman Catholic Church advises moderation, but where this is impossible, total abstinence. In 1902 the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America (q.v.) contained about 80.000 members. In Great Britain the League of the Cross was in augurated by Cardinal Manning in 1873.
Medical men •have formed societies, such as the British Medical Temperance Association, (1872) advocating total abstinence and making investigations, and the American Medical Tem perance Association (1891). Some labor unions, especially the Knights of Labor, have discour aged the use of intoxicants. Farmers' associa tions, such as the National Farmers' Alliance and the National Grange, have put themselves on record as opposed to the liquor traffic. Among the many children's societies that have been or ganized are: the Cold-Water Army (1828) ; juvenile branches or cadets of secret societies; Bands of Hope: and the Loyal Temperance Le gions of the W. C. T. U. In opposition to temper ance reformers, liquor manufacturers and deal ers have organized to prevent hostile legislation. In 1862 the United States Brewers' Association was formed to oppose the internal revenue taxes and prohibition. In Illinois the brewers or ganized, purchased saloon sites in Chicago, and established cheap saloons conducted by agents. The Liquor Dealers' and Manufacturers' State Protection Association of Illinois is another as sociation of liquor men.
In August, 1846, a World's Temperance Con gress was held in London, at whioh 302 delegates were present. Since then there have been other international conventions, notably the World's Temperance Congress of 1893 at Chicago. At this meeting the economic aspects of the problem, especially the cost to the workingman, were em phasized. There was a general feeling in favor of total abstinence among English and Ameri cans, while the Europeans advocated moderation and the drinking of wine. In Canada and Aus tralia the movement has progressed along the same line as in England and America.