Farm Tenure
Farm Tenure. As The Country Becomes Older There Is A Rapidly Increasing And Almost Universal Tendency Toward The Renting System. Though This Is Much More Marked In Some Regions Than In Others. In The Earlier Period Of Development The Man Of Small Means Took A Claim, But Now He Is ...
Federal Taxation
Federal Taxation. The Revenue Of The Fed Eral Government Has Been Obtained Principally From Customs And Internal Revenue Duties. From 1875 To 1898. Inelusive, The Receipts From Inter Nal Revenue Fluctuated Between $111,000,000 And $171,000.000. Then During And After The Spanish War They Rapidly Rose To $307,000,000. Of This Amount ...
Finances
Finances. The History Of The Public Debt Con Stitutes The Most Important And Interesting Part Of The Financial History Of The State. The First Debt Was Created In 1832 And 1838 For The Purpose Of Establishing State Banks. Between 1840 And 1850 The State Inaugun•atec1 The System Of Public Improvements. ...
Finances_2
Finances. The Fiscal History Of The Republic Of Texas Was Mainly A Record Of Debts, As The Strained Relations With Inlexieo Demanded A Great Er Expense Than The Taxable Property Of The Young Republic Could Bear. The Issue Of Loans, Was Only Stopped By The Inability To Float Them. An ...
Finances_3
Finances. The Finances Of The United States Are Characterized By Rapid Increase In Magni Tude Of Fiscal Operations, And By The Great Fa Cility With Which Revenues Are Secured, Resulting In A General Tendency For Revenue To Outstrip Expenditures. While The Federal Government Possesses The Constitutional Right To Levy Both ...
Fisheries
Fisheries. The United States Fishing Industry Originated In New England Shortly After Its Settlement. And Was Gaining Considerable Promi Nence Until England Attempted To Place Restric Tions Upon It. It Also Was Seriously Damaged By The War Of 1812, As Well As By Subsequent Con Flicts Between American And British ...
Flora
Flora. The Flora Of The United States, When Compared With That Of Europe, Is Eharacterized By A Far Greater Variety And Wealth Of Species. This Is Especially Noticeable In The Trees, Of Which There Are About 400 Species In The United States, Representing Nearly All The European Genera Besides A ...
Foreign
Foreign. The United States Is Far In Advance Of All Other Nations In The Magnitude Of Its Domestic Shipping. But In Its Foreign Ship Ping, When The Vastness Of Its Foreign Trade Is Considered, It Holds A Very Low Rank. Indeed, American Foreign Shipping Presents A Most Marked Contrast To ...
Foreign Commerce
Foreign Commerce. The United States Does Not Hold So High A Rank In Respect To The Magni Tude Of Its Foreign Trade As It Does In That Of Agriculture, Manufactures, Mining, And Transpor Tation. Until Near The End Of The Nineteenth Century The Foreign Trade Of The United Kingdom Was ...
Forms
Forms Or Organization And Management. `while The Form Of Organization Of The Trust May Often Not Have Any Material Effect Upon Its Economic Influence, It Is Still Very Frequently True That The Form Is Determined To A Considerable Extent By The Legal Institutions Of The Country; And Sometimes The Form ...
Fossil Turtles
Fossil Turtles. The Origin Of The Chelonia Is Uncertain. Otoecelus, All Armored Eotylosaur From The Permian Of Texas, Has Been Suggested By Cope As A Possible Progenitor, But The Relationship Is Extremely Doubtful. Certain Characters Of Shoul Der-girdle And Ventral Abdominal Ribs In The Plesiosaurs Indicate That This Order May ...
French Universities
French Universities Take Their Origin From The University Of Paris, The First Great University Of Northern Europe. (see Paris, University Of.) In The Greater Part Of The Nineteenth Century The Word University Had A Widely Different Mean Ing In France From That Which It Conveyed In Other Countries, The Term ...
Fruits
Fruits. The Most Remarkable Development Of Any Phase Of American Agriculture In The De Cade 1890-1900 Was Made In Fruit Culture. This Industry Almost Doubled In Magnitude In That Period. The Number Of Orchard Trees, For In Stance, Increased From 193,452.588 To 367.104694 I Not Including Sub-tropical Varieties). Most Varieties ...
General Characteristics
General Characteristics. The Teutonic Lan Guages Have, Perhaps, More Than Any Other Indo Germanic Languages, Developed Striking Special Characteristics Which Differentiate Them From The Remaining Languages Of The Family. These Concern Vocalism, Consonantism, Declension, And Conjugation. As Regards Vocalization The Teu Tonic Treatment Of Ablaut (q.v.) Is Peculiar. In The ...
General Considerations
General Considerations. ( ) Econom Aspccts.—a Large Amount Of Capital Is In Vested In The Liquor Business—vast Manufac Turing Plants (breweries And Distilleries), And The Property, Fittings, And Money Paid For Bonds And Licenses Necessary For The Retail Trade. For Example, In June, 1896, There Were 61s7 Distilleries In The ...
Geology And Minerals
Geology And Minerals. The Outcrops Of The Geological Formations Of Tennessee Correspond With The Topographical Regions Described Above. In The Western Three-fourths Of The State The Strata Lie Nearly Horizontal And Undisturbed, And The Central Basin And Cumberland Plateau Are Formed By The Wearing Away In The One Case Of ...
Geology And Minerals_2
Geology And Minerals. The Oldest Rocks Of The State Come To The Surface In The Central De Nuded Region. In The Southern Part Of This Re Gion, West Of Austin, There Is A Small Area Of Archaean Rock Surrounded By A Narrow Outcrop Of Cambrian And Silurian Strata. To The ...
Geology And Soils
Geology And Soils. North America, Like Other Continents, Combines Very Ancient Areas With Those That Are Geologically Young. The Primitive Framework Of The Continent Was Drawn Somewhat Upon The Lines Of The Existing Moun Tain Systems Of The East And West, Forecasting The Appalachian And Cordilleran Uplands And The Mississippi ...
George 1791 1871 Ticknor
Ticknor, George (1791-1871). An Ameri Can Literary Critic And Historian, Born In Boston. Educated In A Scholarly Home, A Graduate Of Dartmouth (1807), Admitted To The Boston Bar In 1813, He Gave Up The Legal Profession For Litera Ture, Went To Europe In 1815• Studied Four Years At Gottingen And ...
George Henry 1816 70 Thomas
Thomas, George Henry (1816-70). A Dis Tinguished American Soldier, Horn In Southamp Ton County, Va. He Graduated At West Point In 1840; Served In The Mexican War, And Distin Guished Himself At Monterey And Buena Vista. After The Close Of The Mexican War He Served A Year In Florida. Three ...
George Putnam Upton
Upton, George Putnam ( 1835— ). An American Musical Critic, Born In Boston, And Educated At Brown University. From 1861 To 1885 He Was On The Editorial Staff Of The Chicago Tribune. In 1872 He Founded And Became First President Of The Apollo Club. His Works Include: Letters Of Peregrine ...
Gold
Gold. The Mining Of Gold On An Extensive Scale Did Not Begin Until The Discovery Of The Placer Gold In California In 1848. Between 1820 And 1830 Some Interest Had Developed In The States Of Virginia And North And South Caro Lina, And For A Number Of Years The Output ...
Government
Government. The Present Constitution Was Adopted In February, 1870. Proposed Amend Ments Must Receive A Majority Vote Of The Mem Bers Elected To Each House Of Two Consecutive Legislatures, Followed By A Majority Approval Of All The Citizens Voting For Representatives. The Legislature Cannot Propose Amendments Oftener Than Once In ...
Government_2
Government. Turkey Is An Absolute Theocratic Monarchy, The Executive And Religious Authority Being Vested In The Sultan (padishah), Who Re Gards Himself As The Successor Of The Caliphs. The Succession Is Vested In The Eldest Male Mem Ber Of The House Of Othman. The Form Of Gov Ernment Takes Its ...
Great Britain
Great Britain. In August, 1829, A Temper Ance Society Was Started At New Ross, County Of Wexford, Ireland, Whose Members Pledged Themselves To Abstain From Liquors, Except As Medicine. At The Same Time A Similar Move Ment Began In The North Of Ireland. Within Twelve Months There Were Sixty Societies, ...
Greece
Greece. Terra Cotta Statuettes Are One Of The Most Common Products Of Ancient Art. They Are Found In Considerable Numbers In Egypt, From The Earliest Periods. Though Often Here The Clay Is Covered By A Vitreous Glaze Forming The So-called Egyptian Porcelain. Such Figures Are Among The Must Charming And ...
Hand Founding
Hand Founding. The First Step In The Process Of Type Founding By Hand Is The Cutting Of A Punch Or (lie Resembling The Required Letter. The Punch Is Of Hardened Steel, With The Figure Of The Letter Cut, The Reverse Way, Upon Its Point. On This Die Being Finished, It ...
Hemp Flax
Flax, Hemp, And Jute Manufactures. The Value Of The Flax, Hemp, And Jute Products In Creased From $37,313,021 In 1890 To $47.601,607 In 1900. In The Latter Year There Were 20,903 Prior To About 1876 Ready-made Clothing Was Made Principally By Skilled Tailors, Assisted By Members Of Their Household. About ...
History
History. The Invention Of The Thermometer Must Be Attributed To Galileo, Who In About The Year 1593 Made An Open-air Thermoscope, Con Sisting Of A Bulb With A Long Tube Attached, Which Was Provided With A Scale And Dipped Below The Surface Of A Liquid—water Or Wine: Some Of The ...
History
History. Probably De Soto (q.v.) Reached The Mississippi At The Present Site Of Memphis In 1541. La Salle, About 1682, Built A Fort At This Point, And Called It Fort Prud'homme. The Place Was Again Occupied By The French In 1714. The Grant By Charles Il To The Lords Proprietors ...
History Colonial Period
History. Colonial Period. The Territory In Cluded Within The United States Of America Was Originally Occupied Solely By Numerous Tribes Of Indians. The Northeastern Coast Was Probably Vis Ited About The Year A.d. 1000 And Subsequently By The Northmen (see Vineland). And Other Naviga Tors May In The Following Five ...
History And Commerce
History And Commerce. Tea Appears To Have Been Used For Ages In China, Where It Is Believed By The Natives To Be Indigenous. At The End Of The Sixteenth Century It Is Mentioned By Maffei, A Portuguese Writer, In His Histories Indic E, As A Product Both Of China And ...
History And Statistics
History And Statistics. The Feasibility Laying A Line For The Transmission Of Signals Along The Bottom Of The Ocean Seems To Have Been First Suggested In 1795 By A Spaniard Named Salvia. Eight Years Later A Nephew Of The Famous Electrician Galvani Performed Ex Periments Of A Similar Nature In ...
History Of Tariff Legislation
History Of Tariff Legislation In The United States. The Earliest Tariff In The His Tory Of The United States Was That Approved July 4, 1789. It Is Interesting To Note That The Preamble Of The Act Establishing It States That One Of Its Objects Is "the Encouragement And Pro Tection ...
History_2
History. The Early History Of Tibet Is Leg Endary And Obscure. In The Middle Of The Eighth Century Tibet Extended From Ku-ku-nor And Ladakh On The North Into India In The South, While On The East The Tribesmen Came Into Fre Quent Conflict With China, Mid It Is Recorded That ...
History_3
History. The Largest Cities Of Transylvania Are Klausenhurg, Which Possesses A University, Krondstadt, Hermannstadt, And Maros-vas:1r Hely. Transylvania Formed Part Of The Roman Province Of Dacia. When The Great Migration Of Nations Took Place It Was For A Time Occupied By Germanic Peoples. They Were Followed By The Avars, After ...
History_4
History. For More Or Less Elaborate Bibliog Raphies, Consult Winsor, Narrative And Crit Ical History Of America (boston, 1886.89) ; Larned (ed.), The Literature Of American His Tory. A Bibliographical Guide (boston, 1902) ; Charming And Hart, Guide To The Study Of Ameri Can History (ib., 1896) ; And Adams, ...
History_5
History. The First White Explorers Of Utah Were Spaniards, Sent By Coronado (q.v.), Who Readied The Colorado River In 1540. Two Fran Ciscan Friars Seeking A Direct Route To The Pacific Went From Santa Fe To Utah Lake In 1776. In The Winter Of 1824-25, James Bridger, A Trapper. Seeking ...
History_6
History. Many Years Before The Time Of Jenner It Was Observed In Widely Separated Locali Ties That Accidental Infection With Cow-pox Con Ferred Immunity Against Smallpox. Immermann Quotes Von Humboldt As Referring In His Travels In The Tropics (1803) To The Fact That Native Shepherds In The Mexican Cordilleras Believed ...
Indian Treaties
Treaties, Indian. The First Step Of The United States Government In Determining Its Policy In Regard To The Indians, Whether Ex Pressed Or Implied, Was To Decide As To The Nature Of Their Territorial Rights, This Being The Chief And Altogether The Most Important Facto• In Their Relations With The ...
Industrial Conditions Leading To
Industrial Conditions Leading To Forma Tion Or Trusts. The Trusts Are A Late Develop Ment, Since, Until Late In The Nineteenth Century, Industrial Conditions Were Not Favorable For Their Formation. In Earlier Times Organizations Pos Sessing Monopolistic Power Were Either Created By Law Or Secured Their Power Through The Pos ...
Infll Ences Controlling Development
Infll Ences Controlling Development. The Influences Controlling The Establishment Of The Textile Industry In A Given Country Are Prima Rily The Supply Of The Raw Material And The Adaptability Of The People To A Manufacturing Life. Among The Earliest Forms Of Machinery Are The Hand-loom And Spinning-wheel: And As Sheep ...
Interstate Migration
Interstate Migration. In The Early Period Of Migration The Direction Of The Morement Was Determined Largely By The Opportunities Afforded By Waterways And Mountain Passes, And, Later, By The Railroad Accommodations. The Waterway System Of The United States Was Admirably Adapted To Aid In The Settlement, And The Part It ...
Iron
Iron. Iron-mining Ranks In Importance Next To Coal, Iron Ore, Like Coal, Being Very Widely Distributed In The United Shiites. In 1901 25 States Reported Its Production. The Mining Of Iron Began In Early Colonial Days And It Was The First Mineral Mined In The Country. However, It Did Not ...
Iron And Steel
Iron And Steel. The United States Is Abun Dantly Provided By Nature With Resources That Are Necessary For The Production Of Iron And Its Manufacture. (see Mining.) No Other Indus Try Compares With It In The Absolute Growth Made Since 1sso. In 1890 The United States Led The World In ...
Irrigation
Irrigation. It Was Not Until After The Humid Region Had Been Generally Settled That The Arid Region Was Occupied. The Mormons, In 1s47, Were The First To Practice Irrigation In The West. In 1870 There Were Only 20.000 Acres Irrigated. In The Great American Desert The Area At Present Under ...
Isaac 1787 1865 Taylor
Taylor, Isaac (1787-1865). An English Miscellaneous Writer, Inventor, And Artist, Born At Lavenham, In Suffolk. He Studied Engraving Under The Direction Of His Father, With Whom He Executed The Plates For Boydell's Illustrations Of Holy Writ (1820), Commended For Their Orig Inality By Rossetti. Turning To Literature, He Joined The ...
Italian Universities
Italian Universities. During The Middle Ages The University Movement Had Its Origin And Received Its Greatest Impulse From Italy. The Importance Of Bologna In This Respect Has Been Discussed Under The Section On .11rdiwrnl Universities. Again, During The Fifteenth And Sixteenth] Centuries The Italian Universities Were The Most Important Centres ...
Iv Spermatophytes
Iv. Spermatophytes Should Probably Be Di Vided Into Two Primary Groups, Although At Pres Ent They Are Treated As One. The Two Great Di Visions, Gymnosperms And Angiosperms, Differ More In Essential Features From One Another Than Does The Former Group From Pteridophytes, But They Are Held Together At Present ...
Ivan Sergeyevitch 1818 83
Turgenieff, Ivan Sergeyevitch (1818 83). A Russian Novelist. He Was Born At Orel, The Son Of A Wealthy Nobleman. At Home He Learned German And French, Besides Some Eng Lish, While A Self-taught Serf Implanted In Him A Love For The Russian Poets. Neglected By His Parents, The Boy Made ...
James 1700 48 Thomson
Thomson, James ( 1700-48). A Scottish Poet, Born At Ednam, A Village In Roxburghshire, Where His Father Was Minister. After Attending School At Jedburgh Abbey By The Tweed, Lie Was Sent To The University Of Edinburgh (115) With A View To The Church. Forsaking All Thaght Of The Ministry, He ...
James Bayard 1825 78 Taylor
Taylor, [james] Bayard (1825-78). An American Poet, Man Of Letters, Journalist, And Traveler, Horn At Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. Ills Education Was Obtained In The Common Schools Of The Neighborhood. He Became, In 1842, The Apprentice Of A Printer, And Here He Published His First Volume, Ximena; Or The ...
James Hammond Trumbull
Trumbull, James Hammond An Eminent Amen Can Philologist, Born In Stott Ington. Conn., And Educated At Yale. Feeble Health Prevented The Completion Of His Work As \yell As His Entering Neon Active Pro Fessional Life. After 1847 He Was A Resident Of Hartford. From 1847 To 1852 And Again From ...
Jeremy 1613 67 Taylor
Taylor, Jeremy (1613-67). An English Prelate And Author. He Was Born At Cambridge, The Son Of A Barber, And Educated At Caius Col Lege. He Was Ordained Before He Had Reached His Twenty-first Year, And Attracted The Atten Tion Of Laud, Who Procured Him A Fellowship At All Souls', Oxford. ...
Johann Tserrlaes Tilly
Tilly, Johann Tserrlaes. Count Of (1559 A Catholic General In The Thirty Years' War. He Was Horn At The Castle Of Tilly. In Bra Bant, In 1559. He Received His Military Training In The Spanish Armies, Fought Against The Turks In Hungary, And In 1610 Was Selected By Duke Maximilian ...
John 1580 1653 Taylor
Taylor, John (1580-1653). An English Writer, Styled By Himself The 'king's Water Poet.' He Was Horn At Gloucester. After Studying There At The Grammar-school, He Was Apprenticed To A London Waterman. Pressed Into The Navy. He Served Under Essex At Cadiz (1596), And, Accord Ing To His Own Statements, He ...
John 1630 94 Tillotson
Til'lotson, John (1630-94). Archbishop Of Canterbury. He Was Born In Sowerby, In Yorkshire. In 1630, The Son Of A Clothier, Who Was A Zealous Independent. He Was Educated At Clare Hall, Cambridge. He Was A Preacher In 1661—attached Apparently To The Presbyterian Party In The Church Of England, For At ...
John 1756 1843 Trumbull
Trumbull, John ( 1756-1843). An Ameri Can Historical And Portrait Painter. The Son Of Jonathan Trumbull, Governor Of Connecticut, Lie Was Born At Lebanon, Conn., .june 6, 1756, Graduated At Harvard In 1773, And Two Years Later Entered The Continental Army. Having Made For Washington A Plan Of The British ...
John Tooke
Tooke, John Hortne (1736-1812). An Eng Lish Etymologist And Political Adventurer. He Was Horn In London, And Was The Son Of John Horne, A Poulterer. He Was Educated At West Minster And Eton, And At Saint John's College, Cambridge. He Entered The Church Strongly Against His Own Wish, And In ...
Joseph Turner
Turner, 'joseph Mallonu William (1775 1851). The Most Celebrated Landscape Painter Of The English School. Lie Was Born In Covent Garden, London, April 23, 1775. The Son Of William Turner, A Barber. Almost In His In Fancy He Began To Paint And Draw. Lie Had But Little Schooling Beyond Reading, ...
Josiah 1705 1871 Tatnall
Tat'nall, Josiah ( 1705-1871 ) . An Ameri Can Naval Officer, Born At Bonaventnre, Near Sa Vannah, Ga. He Was Educated In England, And Entered The United States Navy In 1812. He Served With Decatur In The Algerine War, Became A Lieutenant In 1818. Had Charge In 1829 Of The ...
Kingdom Of Tile Two
Two Sicilies, Kingdom Of Tile. The Name Commonly Given To A Former Kingdom Em Bracing Sicily And Southern Italy, And Known Often As The Kingdom Of Naples. In The Middle Ages The Southern Part Of The Italian Mainland Came To Be Known As 'sicily On This Side Of The Faro' ...
Knights Templars
Templars, Knights. A Religious And Military Order Of The Middle Ages, The Great Rival Of The Knights Of Saint John Of Jerusalem. In 1119 Hngues De Payens And Geoffrey De Saint Ademar (saint-omer), With Seven Companions, Formed A Military Band To Protect Pilgrims In Palestine. They Adopted The Rule Of ...
Laird 1820 71
Laird (1820-71). An American Politician, Born At New Lisbon. Ohio. After A Year In Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, In 1s37-3s, He Taught For Two Years In Maryland; Was Admitted To The Ohio Bar In 1s42: Was Elected To The Ohio Legislature In 1845; Edited The Dayton Empire In 1847-40: And From ...
Law Of The Twelve
Twelve Tables, Law Of The. The Ear Lier Systematic Written Statement, Or Code, Of Roman Law'. According To The Roman Tradition, This Code Was Drawn Up To Appease The Plebeians, Who Complained That The Unwritten Customary Law', As Interpreted By Patrician Priests And Ap Plied By Patrician Judges, Gave No ...
Leather And Its Finished
Leather. And Its Finished Products. See Table Of Production Under Leather. In Recent Years There Has Been A Rapid Centralization Of The Tanning Industry. This Is Due Partly To The Radical Changes Which Have Been Made Since 1880 In The Pro Cesses And Machinery Of Manufacture, Giving Large Plants An ...
Legal Position
Legal Position. When A Trust Or Combina Tion Is Organized, Its Rights And Powers Are De Termined By The Ordinary Rules Of Common And Statute Law Applicable To The Particular Form Of Organization Adopted. That Is, If The Com Bination Is A Trust, Its Rights And Powers Are Determined By ...
Lenia
Lenia. A Ttenia Consists Of A Scolex, Or Head, And Detachable Segments, Or Proglottids. Within The Scolex Is The Brain; On The Outer Surface Of The Scolex Are Four Sucking Disks As Well As A Ring Of Hooks. Fixation Is Secured Through The Suckers And Hooks. In Each Proglottid Is ...
Lennart Torstenson
Tor'stenson, Lennart, Count Of Ortala (1603-51). A Swedish General, Born At Tor Stena, West Gothland, August 17, 1603. He Became A Royal Page In 1618 And Attended Gustavus Adolphus In Most Of His Earlier Cam Paigns. When Gustavus Entered Germany In 1630, Torstenson Was Captain Of The Body-guard; And The ...
Local Government
Local Government. Three General Types Of Local Government Prevail In The United States. They Are The Town System In New England, The County System In The South, And The Mixed System In New York, Pennsylvania, New Jer Sey, And A Number Of The North Central States. In The Town System ...
Localization
Localization. The Manufacturing Industry Is Very Unevenly Distributed Over The Country. There Is A Decided Tendency To Centralize In Limited Lo Calities. The Greater Part Of The Manufacturing Is Carried On In The Region North Of The Potomac And Ohio Rivers And Cast Of The Mississippi. The Centre Of Manufactures ...
Lyoff Leo Nikolayevitch
Tolstoy, Lyoff ( Leo) Nikola Yevitch, Count (1828—). A Famous Russian Author. He Was Born On His Father's Estate At Yasnaya Ann, In The Government Of Tula. August 28, 1828. In 1843 Lie Studied Oriental Languages At The Itniversity Of Kazan. A Year Afterwards He Began To Study Law, And ...
Machine Founding
Machine Founding. Various Attempts Were Made During The Early Part Of The Nineteenth Century To Cast Types By Machinery. The First Sueeessful Machine For This Purpose Was Devised By David Bruce, Jr., Of New York. And Was Pat Ented In 1838. As Subsequently Improved, This Machine Was Extensively Used In ...
Malignant Tumors
Malignant Tumors. So Rem A.—sarcomat Are Tumors Of The Connective-tissue Group. They Differ From Connective-tissue Tumors In That The Connective Tissue Of Which The Sarcomata Are Com Posed Is Of The Embryonal Form. This Has A Very Distinct Hearing Upon Their Malignancy, For, As Has Been Already Mentioned, Embryonal Tissues ...