HISTORY. The largest cities of Transylvania are Klausenhurg, which possesses a university, Krondstadt, Hermannstadt, and Maros-Vas:1r hely. Transylvania formed part of the Roman province of Dacia. When the great migration of nations took place it was for a time occupied by Germanic peoples. They were followed by the Avars, after whom came the Petchenegs. In the eleventh century the country was brought under the sway of the Magyars. The advent of Ger man colonists in the twelfth century improved the condition of the country. It was probably not long after this that the immigration of Wall:tells set in from the region now called Rumania. Un der the Hungarian kings Transylvania was ruled by voivodes. In 1526, after the battle of Mo in which Louis II. of Hungary was overwhelmed by Solyman the Magnificent, the national party among the Hungarians chose John Z5polya, vode of Transylvania, King. He had a rival in Ferdinand I. of Hapsburg. Part of Hungary re mained in possession of John Ziipolya, who was upheld by the Turks. Transylvania was severed from the Kingdom of Hungary, the royal crown remaining in the' possession of the Hapsburgs. From 1571 to 1576 the country had an able prince in Stephen Biithory, who in 1575 was elected King of Poland. Other princes of the Btithory (q.v.) family followed. At the beginning of the seventeenth century Transylvania was for a short time in the power of Austria, but in 1604 a great rising of the Protestants in the country and in Hungary took place under the head of Stephen Boeskay (q.v.), who was elected Prince of Tran
sylvania in 1005, and in 1606 forced the Haps burgs to recognize the liberties of the Hungarian Protestants. In the Thirty Years' \Var two princes of Transylvania, Bethlen Gdbor (q.v.) and George 11:110ezy (q.v.), figured among the cham pions of the Protestant cause. When Leopold 1. of Austria, after the overthrow of the Turks at Vienna (1683), had made himself master of the heart of Hungary. he proceeded to secure pos session of Transylvania. Prince _Michael I. Apafi (q.v.) had to acknowledge the Austrian ruler as overlord of Transylvania, which was united with Hungary, and his son, Michael II., was forced to renounce his title for a money consideration. In the Peace of Karlovitz, in 1699, the Turkish Sul tan recognized the sovereignty of Austria over the country. The Diploma of Leopold 1., in 1691, had guaranteed to Transylvania its ancient privi leges and customs. It was erected into a grand principality in 1765. In the Hungarian Revolu tion of 1848-49 Transylvania was the scene of terrible massacres of the Magyars by the WO laebs and of the victories and final defeat of General Bem (q.v.). In 1349 Transylvania was separated from Hungary, and made an Austrian crownland. In 1S67 it was again united with Hungary.