TECHNICAL AND APPLIED ART SCHOOLS; CON TINUATION SCHOOLS. All the types of this group of institutions have reached a high point of or ganization on the Continent of Europe. Tech nical schools, in which to practical training in the methods of a special craft is added instruc tion in the scientific principles upon which they are based, appear in greatest numbers in Austria, Germany, and France. Some have been estab lished by guilds or masters' societies, some by a union of manufacturers of a town or city wishing to improve the efficiency of their establishments, and others by action of the local authorities or by the Government. A steady tendency toward Government control and support is apparent in all the Continental countries. Prominent among schools of this type are the special schools for weaving and dyeing, of which frequent examples are found in various parts of Germany. The most famous institution of the kind is located at Krefeld, in Prussia. In this model institution very thorough study is made of the chemistry and technology of dyeing, and of the mechanism and pattern designing involved in weaving. The Advanced School of Weaving at Lyons. France, the School of Silk Weaving near Zurich, Switzer land, the School of Weaving and Dyeing at York shire College, Leeds, and the textile departments of the Manchester Technical School and of the Bradford Technical College, are other examples of this type of school. In the United States similar schools are the textile and dyeing schools of the School of Industrial Art of the Pennsyl vania Musemm at Philadelphia, and the textile schools at Lowell and New Bedford. Mass.
Another type of technical school found in Ger many and Austria is the Bangetrrrkschule or building trades school. These schools arc gen erally open during the winter months alone. Only students arc admitted who have had practical experience in sonic branch of the trade, and the courses deal with the principles and practice of building construction, the nature of materials, mechanical and freehand drawing, modeling, science, mathematics, and bookkeeping. 'The courses generally run through four terms and are strictly professional in character. Many of the Fachschulen of Austria, although aiming at trade instruction, might well be classed as tech nical schools on account of the character and ex tent of the technical instruction that is offered in addition to the practical work. Another form of technical school is represented by a class of in stitutions of the secondary grade, which aim to prepare rather for entrance into industrial work than for direct mastery of any one special branch.
In these schools the courses commonly include instruction in the elements of a general educa tion, as well as the study of applied science and practical training in a number of representative industrial processes. The I ndustrieschulen and Gewerkschulcn of Germany and Austria are ex amples of this type. Courses in these schools are generally from three to five years in length, and embrace, besides practical industrial work, in struction in mechanical and freehand drawing, geography, business forms, mathematics, book keeping, science, and technology. Schools of this kind are found at Chemnitz, Cologne, Ko motau, Munich. and Nuremberg. In Austria the School of the Technological Industrial :Museum, at Vienna, is the foremost example, and serves as a model for all other schools of this class throughout the Empire.
France has a very important and highly or ganized system of State schools for the training of foremen and superintendents in mechanical in dustries at Chalons. Aix, Angers, and Lille. The courses are three years in length. The instruc tion, both practical and theoretical, given in these schools, has been of so thorough a character that the result in large part has been to train man agers and mechanical engineers rather than fore men. Other technical schools of an advanced character in France are the Industrial Institute of the North of France, at Lille, and the Institution Livet. at Nantes. which is a private foundation. A school of a special type exists at Lyons, the Ecole Martiniere. Distinct courses are provided for boys and girls. In the former the sciences and arts are studied in their relation to commerce and industry. The object is not to prepare for any special trade, but to develop general capacity for an industrial or commercial career. The course, which lasts for three years, is very similar to those of the American manual training schools. The courses for girls aim to furnish a trade training in commercial accounting, embroidery, industrial drawing, and women's tailoring, together with a general education. The Finsbury Technical College. in London. is the most important institution of this class in England. Several well-equipped schools of this general type exist in other parts of Eng land, among which arc the Manchester Technical School, the Birmingham Technical School, and the Sheffield Technical School. In the United States the manual training high schools (see MANual. TRAINING) approach quite close to this last category of schools, but devote a larger proportion of time to general branches.