RUMANIA. The regular army is divided into permanent and territorial divisions, each with a reserve; the militia and the levee era masse. Every Rumanian from his twenty-first to his forty-sixth year is liable to jnilitary service. In time of peace the army consists of 00,388 men in the permanent division, and 72,000 men in the territorial division. The war strength is placed at 3948 officers and about 170,000 men.
Russia. Since 1874, every male, with the exception of residents of outlying districts, has been liable to military service from the beginning of the twenty-first to the end of the forty-third year. Special laws govern the military service of Cossacks, Asian immigrants, and Caucasian Mohammedans. In the standing army, from four to five years is the period of service, and thirteen years in the militia reserve. Young men of good education are released from the regulation period of army service under some what similar conditions to those of the one-year volunteers of Germany. About 1,200,000 men are annually liable to service; but the law per mits many exceptions, and of the number who should join the forces each year, little more than half actually do so, which leaves a vast reserve of men with little or no training. The peace strength of the Russian army is almost as little known as its war strength. As a matter of fact, the prob abilities are that the peace strength in many parts of the Empire is above that given in many published reports. Von Lad', the German statistician and military historian, gives the total peace strength as at least a million, and the war footing as nearly 5,000.000 men. The Empire is divided into thirteen military districts under high general officers. For mobilization purposes these are again subdivided into twenty three localities and the localities into circles. The organization comprises field troops, reserve troops, depot troops, fortress troops, local troops, and the imperial militia. The Russian officer is drawn almost exclusively from the governing ranks of society, and is by birth, training, and environment admirably adapted for his profes sion. The common soldier has many splendid
qualities from the military point of view; among which may he enumerated great endurance, natu ral stoicism, implicit obedience and fidelity, and general indifference to death. Stolidity and gen eral ignorance, however, constitute a great weak ness, particularly when opposed to au enemy possessing the quick, alert, and resourceful intel ligence demanded of the modern soldier. Infan try and rifle regiments are armed with a small bore, five-cartridge, magazine rifle: the heavy cavalry being similarly armed. Field and moun tain artillery of the active army are supplied with steel breech-loaders of four different pat terns. The following statement gives approxi mately the various divisions of the army: An infantry regiment consists of 70 officers, 1867 men; in war, 79 officers and 3945 men. There are 52 infantry divisions, 23 rifle brigades, 25 separate infantry brigades, 10 separate rifle battalions, S separate infantry battalions, 21 separate fortress regiments, and 12 separate fortress battalions. An infantry division con sists of 2 brigades; a brigade of 2 regiments; a regiment of 4 battalions, and a battalion of 4 companies. The Cossack infantry consists of 6 Kuban battalions. (See article Cossacks.) The regular cavalry is divided into 4 and 6 squad ron regiments, the latter consisting of 38 offi cers and 1071 men, which in time of war is decreased to 30 officers and 948 men. There are 24 divisions, 5 brigades, 7 separate regiments, and 3 double squadrons of cavalry; 2 divisions of the guards, 17 divisions and 2 brigades of dragoons, and 6 divisions of Cossacks. Field artillery consists of 4 gun batteries in time of peace and 8 in war. Gorse batteries have G guns in peace and war. Mortar batteries have 6 mortars each. The artillery consists of field, horse, guard. grenadier. and line brigades of batteries. There are 29 sapper battalions of engineers.