Primitive Art
Art, Primitive. The Motives Which Lead To The Production Of Works Of Art And The Capacity Foras Thetie Enjoyment Seem To Be Common To Men At All Levels Of Culture. We Cannot Speak, Then, Of The Origin Of Art In An Absolute Sense, But Only Of The First Stages Of ...
Provincial Diets And Local
Provincial Diets And Local Government. The Provincial Diets Of Cisleithania Are In Many Cases The Ancient Assemblies, Established In The Different Provinces Before They Were Brought Under One Rule; The Diets, Therefore, Are The Rallying-grounds Of National Parties, And In A Way. The Internal Political Condition Of Aus Tria Is ...
Railways
Railways. One Of The Most Serious Problems With Which Australia Has Had To Contend Is In Land Transportation. Being An Almost Riverless Continent, She Is Mainly Dependent On Artificial Systems. These Must Largely Precede Civilization And Open Up The Country For Industrial Develop Ment. The Construction Of Railways Through Uninhabited ...
Rainfall
Rainfall. In Most. Regions Of Asia, Except Near The Pacific Coast And South Of The Hima Layas, The Rainfall Is Scanty. On The Immediate Coast Of The Arctic Ocean In Siberia, The Animal Precipitation Is Muter Ten Inches. Elsewhere In Siberia It Is Between Ten And Twenty Inches. In The ...
Raised Beaches
Beaches, Raised. Tracts Of Ground At Various Elevations Above The Present Sea Or Lake Levels, Which Have Evidently Been Beaches At Some Former Time. Such Raised Beaches Owe Their Pres Ent Position To Earth Movements, Which May Have Taken Place Rapidly, In Connection With Earth Quakes, Or More Slowly, As ...
Rature
Rature. The Armenian Language Forms One Of The Eight Main Divisions Of The Indo Germanic Group. Owing To The Presence Of Many Loan-words From The Iranian Languages, Armenian Was For A Long Time Supposed To He An Iranian Dialect, And This Theory Was Defended Especially By Paul De Lagarde And ...
Representation Of Numbers By
Representation Of Numbers By Symbols. Aside From Primitive Number-pictures, Such As The Egyptian Hieroglyphics And The Babylonian Cuneiform Symbols, The Ancients Commonly Used The Letters Of Their Alphabets To Represent Num Bers—e.g., The A, /3, Y, 4, Of The Greeks. Some What More Refined Is The System Of The Romans, ...
Richard 1615 91 Baxter
Baxter, Richard (1615-91 ). An English Nonconformist Divine. He Was Born November 12, 1615. Of Poor But Reputable Parents, At Row Ton, Near Shrewsbury, In Shropshire. His Early Education Was Somewhat Neglected. Instead Of At Tending, As Lie Wished, One Of The Universities. He Was Obliged To Content Himself With ...
Richard 1662 1742 Bentley
Bent'ley, Richard (1662-1742). An Eng Lish Critic And Scholar. He Was Horn At Oulton, In Yorkshire, January 27, 1662. In 1676 He En Tered Saint John's College, Cambridge, In The Humble Capacity Of Subsizar. Little Is Known Of His University Career, Except That He Showed Early A Strong Taste For ...
Right Ascension
Ascension, Right (lat. Asccpsio, An Aris Ing; Ger. Gerade Aufsteigung). The Name Given In Astronomy To One Of The Factors Which Deter Mine The Position Of A Heavenly Body In The Sky, The Other Being The Declination. The Vault Of The Sky Is To Be Regarded As Divided Into A ...
Robert 164s 90 Barclay
Barclay, Robert (164s-90). A Scottish Divine; The Celebrated Apologist Of The Quakers. He Was Born On December 23, 1648, At Gordons Town, In Morayshire, Scotland. His Father Was The Son Of David Barclay, Of Blathers, The Repre Sentative Of An Old Scoto-norman Family, Which Traced Itself Through Fifteen Intervening Genera ...
Rome
Rome. While To The Greek Belongs The Credit Of Developing Warfare Into A Science, It Was Left To The Roman Legionary, With His Per Fect Discipline And Still More Perfect Organiza Tion, To Make It Effective. The Leading Char Acteristic Of The Roman Soldier Was Discipline Lather Than Individual Prowess. ...
Rumania
Rumania. The Regular Army Is Divided Into Permanent And Territorial Divisions, Each With A Reserve; The Militia And The Levee Era Masse. Every Rumanian From His Twenty-first To His Forty-sixth Year Is Liable To Jnilitary Service. In Time Of Peace The Army Consists Of 00,388 Men In The Permanent Division, ...
Saint Athanasius
Athanasius, Saint (gk. 'a8ami(noc, Thunasios) (c.293-373). The Fa Ther Of Greek Orthodoxy, Bishop Of Alexan Dria, And The Most Eminent Theologian Of The Fourth Century. He Was Born Probably In A.d. 293, In Alexandria, Where He Died In 373. His Parents Are Said To Have Been Christians. We Know Little ...
Saint Augustine
Augustine, Saint (lat. Aurelius Augu,s Tinus) (354-430). Bishop Of Hippo, In North Africa, The Greatest Of The Latin Fathers, And One Of The Most Eminent Doctors Of The Western Church. He Is Called Aurelius Augustinus By Oro!tius And Prosper Of Aquitania. From His Autobiographical Confessions, And From The Biog Raphy ...
Saint Benedict
Benedict, Saint. The Founder Of Mona Chism In The West. He Was Born Of A Rich And Respected Family At Nursia (now Noreia), 70 Miles Northeast Of Rome. In A.d. 480. At An Early-age Benedict Was Sent To The Schools Of Lit Erature And Jurisprudence In Rome. But Soon Grew ...
Sampling
Sampling. The First Operation In Making An Assay Is To Select The Sample. This Work Should He Fairly Done. No Discrimination Against Any Portion Of The Lot From Which The Sample Is Taken Being Allowable. There Are Two Kinds Of Sam Pling: (1) Ore Sampling, And (3) Sampling Of Metallurgical ...
Savinien Cyrano De 1619 55
Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano De (1619-55). A French Novelist And Dramatist, Important In The Development Of Realism In The Novel And On The Stage. Ile Was Born In Perigord, And Edu Cated At The College Beauvais, Whose Principal Was The Butt Of His Satire In Le Pedant Iolle (1654). Later He ...
Sculpture And Minor Arts
Sculpture And Minor Arts. The Use Of Sculpture In Relief And In The Round Appears Contemporary With The Earliest Architecture. The Only Group Of Works In Historic Sequence Yet Found Is That From The Mounds Of Tel-lo. Many Of These Sculptures Are Carved With His Toric And Dedicatory Inscriptions Of ...
Semi Marie 1761 93
Semi Marie ( 1761-93 ). A Champion And Victim Of The French Revolution. He Was Born At Grenoble, The Son Of An Advocate. Ile Adopted His Father's Profession. And Early Attracted Attention In The Parlement Of Grenoble By The Talents Which Lie Displayed. A Pamphlet Which Lie Pub Lished Against ...
Silas 1820 89 Bent
Bent, Silas (1820-89). An American Naval Officer Who First Delineated And Described The Euro Shiwo, The Great Equatorial And North Ward Stream Of The Pacific, Which Distributes The Hot Water Of The Tropics Into Northern Regions. He Was Born In Saint Louis, Mo., October 10, 1820, And Was A Grandson ...
Simon Bar Cochba
Bar'-coch'ba, Simon. The Leader Of The Jews In Their Great Insurrection Against The Romans, Under The Emperor Hadrian, From A.d. 132 To 135. Hadrian's Attempt To Romanize Judea Through The Transformation Of Jerusalem Into A Pagan City, And The Gradual Obliteration Of Jewish Customs, Had Awakened The Fanatic Zeal Of ...
Spencer Fullerton 1823 87baird
Baird, Spencer Fullerton ( 1823-87). An American Naturalist. He Was Born At Read Ing, Pa., February 3. 1823, Of English And Ger Man Parentage, And Died At Woods Hole, Mass., August 19, 1887. He Graduated From Dickin Son College, Carlisle, Pa., In 1840, And In 1842 Studied At The College ...
State Activity And Social
State Activity And Social Conditions. Especial Interest Attaches To Australia Because Of The Wide Scope Of Its State Activities. In This Respect Australia Excels The Older Countries Of The World, A Number Of Its Governmental Ventures Not Having Been Elsewhere Attempted, Being Gen Erally Held To Be Without The Proper ...
States And Industrial Exposition
States And Industrial Exposition. An Exhi Bition Held In Atlanta, Ga., From September 18 To December 31, 1893, Having For Its Chief Pose The Presentation Of The Agricultural, Facturing, And Mineral Resources Of The Southern States. The Site Selected Was Piedmont Park, About Two Miles From The Centre Of The ...
Steam Vehicles
Steam Vehicles. Modern Steam Automobiles May Be Divided Into Two Classes: (1) Light Vehicles For Passenger Service And (2) Heavy Vehicles For Trucking Freight. In Europe, And Particularly In Franc'e, The Most Notable Work In Light Steam Vehicles Has Been Done By M. Leon Serpollet, Who Has Applied His Instantaneous ...
Structure
Structure. Barnacles May Be Broadly Defined As Attached Or Parasitic Crustacea, With An Indis Tinctly Segmented Body, Surrounded By A Mantle, Which Generally Calcifies And Forms More Or Less Of A Shell Or Case. As They Are Attached By The Head End, The First Pair Of Antennae (adhering Organs) Are ...
Structure And Characteristics
Structure And Characteristics. Each Bacte Rium Is A Single Non-nucleated Cell Of Protoplasm, And Is Endowed With The Properties Which Belong To Living Organisms As Such. Bacteria Differ From One Another In Size And Shape. It Has Been Estimated That. A Single Bacterium Of Av Erage Size Weighs Not More ...
Structure_2
Structure. The Vertebral Column Is Short And Compact, The Thorax Capacious, To Make Room For The Proportionately Very Large Heart And Lungs, And The Breast-bone (which Is Keeled Like That Of Birds) And Shoulder-girdle Are Very Large And Strong To Afford Attachment To The Great Muscles Operating The Wings; While ...
Tanning
Tanning. The Hark Of Many Trees Is Capable Of Being Used For Tanning, But That Is Pre Ferred Which Particularly Abounds In Tannic Acid. Oak Bark Is Principally Used In Great Britain And Throughout Europe, As Well As In North America, Where Hemlock, However, Is More Ex Tensively Employed. In ...
Temperatire
Temperati're. The Mean Annual Temperature In Asia Reduced To Sea-le•el, Decreases Uninte• Ruptedly From About 90° F. At The South To 0° At The North. On The Eastern Coast The Decrease In Temperature, With Increase In Latitude, Is Some What Slower Than In The Interior, But On The Whole The ...
The American Badger
The American Badger (ta.ridca Americana) Is About 2 Feet Long, And Has An Appearance Of Remarkable Breadth Flatness. The Legs Are Short And Firm, And The Large Feet Are Furnished With Long And Very Strong Claws, Making Them Powerful Digging Tools. The Tail Is Short And Thick. The Head Is ...
The Baptist Church In
The Baptist Church In Other Countries. The Earliest Baptist Churches In The Canadian Provinces Were Formed Of Settlers From New Eng Land. A Church Was Founded At Horton, Nova Scotia, In 1763; But This And Many Of The Earlier Churches Were Of Mixed Membership, Composed Equally Of Baptists And Congregationalists. ...
The Brown Race
The Brown Race. The Malayan Or Malayo Polynesian Peoples Are Denied By Many Ethnolo Gists The Position Of A Race, And Are Regarded As Merely The Insular And Oceanic Divisions Of The Yellow Race. Their Primitive Home Was Some Where In The Neighborhood Of The Peninsula Of Malacca, The Situation ...
The Common Honey Bee
The Common Honey-bee ( Apis Mellifera). This Is Supposed To Be Of Asiatic Origin, And Was Domesticated About The Eastern End Of The Medi Terranean At The Dawn Of History. The Bee-keepers Of Egypt. Syria. And Greece Practicing Many Of The Arts Used With Bees At Present, Such As Moving ...
The Earth
The Earth. From The Standpoint Of The As Tronomer, The Earth Is Merely One Of The Smaller Planets Of The Solar System. Still, Since Observa Tions Of The Heavens Can Be Made Only From Its Surface, It Acquires Special Importance Even From The Purely Astronomical Point Of View. It Was ...
The European Badger
The European Badger (licks Taxi's) Is Simi Lar To The American In Size And Colors, But Dif Ferent In Dentition And Other Details. In The Ab Sence Of Open Plains, It Haunts Deeply Wooded Places, And Digs A Deep Chamber, Where It Spends The Winter, And Where In Spring Four ...
The Moon
The Moon Travels Around The Earth With An Orbital Motion Quite Analogous To That Of The Earth Around The Sun, Only That The Moon Com Pletes Its Revolution In About Days Instead Of About 365 Days, As In The Solar Revolution Of The Earth. It Is This Orbital Motion That ...
The Mute Race
The Mute Race. The White Inhabitants Indigenous To Asia, As Opposed To White Euro Peans Who Have But Recently Entered The Conti Nent, Constitute About One-tenth Of The Total Population, And Are Found In Arabia, Asia Minor, The Region Of The Caucasus And Siberia. Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, The Great Indian ...
Thema
Thema.. Bacteria May Be Grown Artificially On Various Substances Which Furnish Them Suitable Food. These Are Known As Culture Media. Among The More Common Of These Are Bouillon, Milk, And Potato. In Order To Make A Medium Which Is Solid At Ordinary Temperatures, But Which May Be Liquefied By Slight ...
Thera Peutic Bath S
Thera Peutic Bath S. As Regards Detergenee, The Vapor Bath Is The Only Kind Of Bath That Is Really Effectual. If The Skin Is Exposed To The Action Of Hot Water-vapor, The Scurf Becomes Soft Ened And Loosened, And Is More Easy To Remove By Simple Rubbing. In The Vapor-bath, ...
Thomas 1353 1414 Arundel
Arundel, Thomas (1353-1414). Arch Bishop Of Canterbury In The Reigns Of Richard Ii.. Henry Iv., And Henry V. He Was Horn In Arundel Castle, Sussex, The Present Seat Of The Dukes Of Norfolk,and Was The Third Son Of Robert Fitz-alan, Earl Of Arundel And Warren. Ile Be Came Archdeacon Of ...
Thomas 1795 1842 Arnold
Arnold, Thomas (1795-1842). An Eng Lish Scholar And Educator, Best Known As' Mas Ter Of Rugby. Lie Was Horn June 13, 1795, At West Cowes, Isle Of Wight. Where His Father Was Collector Of Eustoms. Upon The Death Of His Father In 1801, Arnold Was Put In Charge Of His ...
Thomas Hart 1782 1858 Benton
Benton, Thomas Hart (1782-1858). An American Statesman Of The Jacksonian Epoch. He Was Born, Of Good Family, Near Hillsborough. N. C., And On The Death Of His Father, His Mother, A Woman Of Character And Of Ambition For Her Son, Took The Boy To Tennessee. Here He Studied Law And ...
Thomas Lovell 1803 49 Beddoes
Beddoes, Thomas Lovell (1803-49). An English Dramatist. He Was Born At Clifton, July 20, 1803. His Father Was The Distinguished Physician, Thomas Beddoes (noticed Above). His Mother Was A Sister Of Alaria Edgeworth, The Novelist. In 1808 Dr. Beddoes Died, Leaving His Son To The Guardianship Of Davies Giddy, Afterwards ...
Thomas A Becket
Beck'et, Thomas A ( E.1118-70 ) . Archbishop Of Canterbury, Born In London. He Was The Son Of A Merchant And Was Educated At Merton Pri Ory (surrey), London, And Paris, And Later Stud Ied Canon Law At Bologna And Auxerre. After Earning His Living For A Time As A ...
Tile Donkey
Tile Donkey. The Domestic Ass Is Undoubt Edly, In Its Origin, The Tamed African Species. Its Prevailing, Color Is Gray, Varying To Pure White Or Full Black, And With The Shoulder Stripes And Leg-bars More Or Less Preserved. It Was Known In Egypt Long Before The Horse, And Probably Was ...
Tile Stars
Tile Stars. Far Beyond The Confines Of The Solar System, And, Indeed, At A Distance Almost Inconceivably Great, Is Situateol The Universe Of Stars ( Q.v.) . According To The Accepted Theory These Stars, Which To Us Appear Merely As Points Of Light. Are Really Great Blazing Suns, In Many ...
Titus Pomponius Atticus
At'ticus, Titus Pomponius (n.c. 109-32). One Of The Most Noble And Generous Men In Ancient Rome. He Was Born In B.c. Um, Or A Few Years Before The Birth Of Cicero. His Excellent Education, During Which He Enjoyed The Compan Ionship Of Torquatus, The Younger Marius, And Cicero, Developed, At ...
Topography
Topography. The Extension Northwestward Of The Mexican Cordilleras, Which Rises Beyond The Colorado River In The Sierra Nevada, Divides Arizona Diagonally Into Two Regions—a South Western Part Of Low Elevation, And A Northeastern Part Consisting Of An Elevated Plateau. The Whole Territory, However, Is Mountainous In The Limn Of Short, ...
Topography_2
Topography. Austria-hungary Is One Of The Most Mountainous Countries Of Europe. The Mountains Are Comprised In Three Great Sys Tems—the Alps, The Carpathians, And The Bohemian Highlands, Which Embrace The Sudetic Mountain System, The Principal Member Of Which Is The Riesengebirge (giant Mountains), The Erze Gebirge (ore Mountains), The B/ffnerwald, ...
Topouraphy
Topouraphy. The Relief Features Of This Con Tinent Are Characterized By Great Extremes And By An Unparalleled Variety; It Has The Most Ex Tensive Lowlands, The Greatest Table-lands, The Highest Chains Of Mountains, And The Most Ele Vated Summits In The World. Tracts To Everlasting Snow And Scorching Sterility, Salu ...
Tower Of Babel
Babel, Tower Of. The Name Given To The Structure Reared In The Valley Of Shinar, At Which, According To Biblical Tradition, The Con Fusion Of The Tongues Takes Place (gen. Xi.). The Story Of The Building Of The Tower Is Told In The Eleventh Chapter Of Genesis. According To This ...
Trade And Industry
Trade And Industry. Natural Geographical Situation, Favorable Trade Connections, And Un Usual Harbor Facilities Constitute Baltimore's Chief Commercial Advantages. At The Entrance To The Harbor, The Patapsco River Divides Into The Northwest, Southwest, And Middle Branches. The Northwest Pierces Miles Into The Very Heart Of The Business Portion Of The ...
Transportation
Transportation. Railways.—the First Steam Railway In Austria, The Kaiser Ferdinand Nord Bahn, 8 Miles Long, Was Opened In November, 1837, Although A Horse Railway—the First Ever Built In Europe—had Existed Since 1825. The First Line Was Built By A Private Company, And It Was Not Till 1841 That The Government ...
True Bearing
Bearing, True. The Angle Between The Geo Graphical Meridian And The Direction Of The Object Observed. All Bearings Are Measured In Points Degrees Each) Or Degrees. The Designation Of True And Magnetic Bearings, Either In Points Or Degrees, Is The Same As For Compass Bearings, But The Record Of The ...
United States
United States. The Establishment Of The United States Army, According To The Reorgani Zation Of February 2, 1901, Consists Of 30 Regi Ments Of Infantry, 15 Of Cavalry, And An Artil Lery Corps Of 126 Companies Of Coast-artillery And 30 Batteries Of Field-artillery; 3 Battalions Of Engineers, Hospital Corps, Signal ...
United States Army Register
Army Register, United States. The Official Publication Issued Each Year From The Adjutant-general's Office, By The Secretary Of War. It Contains A List Of The Officers Of The Army, Giv Ing The Department, Regiment, Or Corps To Which They Helong, Or Are Assigned; Together With Information Regarding Their Place Of ...
United States Articles Of
Articles Of War, United States. The Discipline And Disciplinary Procedure Code Of The United States Army. The Articles, Or Rules, Were Originally Copied From The English Mutiny Act, "july 30, 1775, And Then Enlarged, Septemoer 20, 1776. The Present Articles, Which Are Substan Tially The Same As The Former, Were ...
University Of Berlin
Berlin, University Of. One Of The Most Important Universities Of The World, And Also One Of The Youngest. After The Disasters Of 1806 And 1807 In The War With Napoleon, King Frederick William Iii., In September, 1807, Established In Berlin An Academy Or Uni Versity, Fo Which He Called Many ...
Uses
Uses. The Ashes Of Sea-plants Are A Common Source Of Bromine And Iodine, And The Ashes Of Animal Bodies Form A Source Of Phosphorus. But The Commercial Value Of Ashes Depends Mainly On Their Use: (1) As A Source Of Alkali (pearl-ash, Potashes, Etc.), And (2) As A Fertilizer. The ...
Varieties
Varieties. While Beer Is The Generic Name For All Malt Liquors, Many Of These Liquors Are Known By Other Names, The Principal Of Which Will He Enumerated And Briefly Explained. Ale Would Seen) To Have Been The Current Name In England For Malt Liquor In General Before The Introduction Of ...
Vincenzo 1802 35 Bellini
Bellini, Vincenzo ( 1802-35). A Famous Italian Operatic Composer. Ile Was Horn At Ca Tania, Sicily, And Died At. Puteaux, Near Paris. Born Of A Musical Family, He Entered The Conser Vatory Of Naples (1819), Where He Studied Under Zingarelli. After Writing Various Instrumental And Choral Compositins. He Produced Ade/son ...
Wars Barsary Powers
Barsary Powers, Wars Win' The. From The Time Of The Middle Ages, The Moham Medan Powers On The North Coast Of Africa Lived Largely By Piracy And Blackmail, Capturing And Confiscating (or Holding For Ransom) The Ship Ping Of Such Nations As Did Not Pay A Liberal Tribute. Li 1785 ...
White Polar
Polar, White, Or Ice Bear. The Polar Bear (ursns, Or Tlia Lasso Retus In Ant Im Us) Is An In Habitant Of The Entire Arctic Regions, Where It Seems To Be Extremely Numerous Upon All Coasts And Islands, And May Wander N Cast Distance From Land Upon The Ice, Or ...
William 1571 1642 Bedell
Bedell, William (1571-1642). A Prelate Of The English Church, Born At Black Notley, Essex. He Was Educated At Emmanuel College, Cambridge, And After His Ordination, In 1602, Officiated As A Clergyman At Bury Saint Edmunds. In 1607 He Accompanied Sir Henry Wotton As His Chaplain To Venice. There He Resided ...
William 1759 1844 Beckford
Beck'ford, William (1759-1844 ). An English Author. Born September 29: 1759, He Was The Son Of William Beekford, Alderman And Twice Lord Mayor Of London. When He Was About 11 Years Old, His Father Died, And He Inher Ited The Larger Part Of A Very Large Fortune, Con Sisting Of ...
William Belknap
Belknap, William \yount (1829-90). An American Soldier. He Was Born At Newburgh, N. Y., Graduated At Princeton In 1848, And Set Tled As A Lawyer In Keokuk, Iowa. He Entered The Union Army As Major Of Volunteers, 1861; Distinguished Himself In Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, And Was Brevetted Major-general In 1805. ...
William George Armstrong
Armstrong, William George, Baron (1810-1900). An English Engineer, Scientist, And Inventor Of Hydraulic Machinery And Ordnance. He Was Born At Newcastle-upon-tyne, And Re Ceived His Early Education At Whickham And Bishop Auckland. Yielding To His Father's Wishes, Lie Determined To Follow The Profession Of Law And Spent Several Years In ...
Wilson 1846 1904 Barrett
Barrett, Wilson 1846-1904 ) . An English Actor, Manager, And Playwright. He Was Horn In Essex, February 18, 1846, And Went. Upon The Stage At Halifax In 1864. After Playing In Different Provincial Towns. He Was For A Time Manager Of The Amphitheatre, At Leeds, And Of Other Playhouses. In ...