EMMANIEL (1814-79). The most prominent ar chitect of the Gothic revival in France, equally well known as an author on architectural subjects. He was born in Paris, and was educated at the College Bourbon. After studying architecture with Aehille Leelere, he traveled through France studying mediaeval monuments, and became pro ficient in designs of the Gothic style. He was especially skilled in the restoration of works of medifeval architecture, and did more than any other man to rehabilitate the Middle Ages. After some weeks at Vezelay and Narbonne, he undertook, in association with Lassos, what were perhaps his best works, the restoration of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and the important ad ditions and changes in Notre-Dame, Paris. Almost as important was his restoration of civil and military monuments, such as the royal chateau of Pierrefonds and the entire site of Car eassoue, the most marvelous relic of Gothic forti fications. Tn 1863 he was appointed professor
of ierstheties at Ecole des Beaux-Arts, but as he could obtain no hearing from the students, who were imbued with the classical traditions of the school, he resigned, publishing his lectures, Entretiens sur l'architeeture, the following year. At the time of his death he was engaged in re storing the Cathedral of Lausanne.
He wrote a number of important books, ad mirable in their scholarly text and unrivaled illustrations. Among them are Diet ionnairc raison de francaise (10 vols., 1854-68) aml Dietionnaire raisonntc du mobilire franeais (6 vole., 1858-75). In his flistoire dune fo•teress.. (1874) and Histoire (run lisle! Jr rifle et dune cati'rtrule (1578) he draws an imaginary history of these typical mediaeval buildings. Consult : Sauvageot, et son crurre (Paris, 1880) ; aml Saint-Paul, srs traraux d'art, etc. (ib., 1881).