FOREIGN COUNTRIES. In England Jeremy Ben tham early recognized the injustice of the law toward women, but he considered prejudices too strong to be combated. Bailey, in the Rationale of Political Representation. (1835). advocated equal rights. In 1850 an article in the West minster ',Wirt(' occasioned much interest. ,Tohn Stuart Mill's Subjection. of Women. is the most powerful essay on the subject. He himself in Parliament in 1857 adi•ocated the enfranchise ment of women; and during the seventies the subject was debated every year. During the eighties, English women organized a number of leagues for co6peration with men: the Primrose League (1883), the Woman's Liberal Federation (1E185), and the Woman's Liberal Unionist As sociation (1888), thus demonstrating their in terest in polities. Women in England, Scotland, and Ireland can now vote in all except Parlia mentary elections. Property laws were modified in 1882 and 1893. Women have full suffrage in New Zealand, the Isle of Alan, Pitcairn Island, South Australia. and \Vest Australia. Under the new Federal Constitution of Australia women may vote. In Canada. Cape Colony, and Tasmania women have municipal suffrage.
Woman suffragists are not active on the Con tinent, hut women possess different degrees of voting power. In France, women teachers vote for members of boards of edlication, and since 1898 women in commerce vote for judges of tri bunal:7, of commerce. The Code Napolon is not favorable to women. In Sweden women enjoy liberal laws and vote in all elections except those for representatives; indirectly they vote for members of the House of Lords. In Norway women have school suffrage. Russian women, as householders, vote for all elective officers and on local matters. They also manage their own property. In Finland women have voted for election officers. In Siberia women have mu
nicipal suffrage. Women property-owners vote by proxy on certain questions in Westphalia, Sehleswig-Holstein, Brunswick, and Saxony, and also in Bohemia, Moravia (in municipal mat ters), and Austria-Hungary. in Croatia and Dalmatia they vote in person at local elections. Widows in Italy with property vote by proxy for members of Parliament. Women taxpayers of Belgium, Luxemburg, and Rumania have mu nicipal suffrage by proxy. The Social-Democrats at the convention of 1890 and 1891 declared for full sex equality, and in 1892 they allowed women to choose delegates, thus recognizing them RS integral factors in the party.
In 1888, at the suggestion of Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony, the International Council was called to celebrate the twentieth birthday of the National Woman's Suffrage Association. Dele gates came not as individuals, but as members of associations. National councils were formed in different countries, and at the meeting in Chicago in 1893, 17 had been organized, in cluding Persia, Australia, Greece, and Austria. A meeting was held in London in 1899. In for eign countries the movement is tentative.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. History of Woman's Suffrage, Bibliography. History of Woman's Suffrage, by Susan B. Anthony et al. (vol. i. 1SS1; von. ii. 1882; vol. iii. 1880; vol. iv. 1902) ; Files of Journal ; Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Eighty Years and More (New York, 1898) ; Putnam .Taeold, 111 Seive Applied to Woman's Suffrage York, 1894); Theodore Stanton, Woman Question in Europe (ib., 1884) ; Becky, Democracy and Liberty, ch. x. ( 1890) ; Stopes, British Free Women 1894) ; Pions and Bartels, Das Weil) (Leipzig. 1887) ; Buechel., Die Prauenfrage im 31 it telaltrr (Tiibingen, 1882).