ZOLLNER, JOHANN KARL FRIEDRICH (1834 82). A German astronomer and physicist, born in Berlin. lie studied at the universities of Berlin and Basel, and became in 1866 assist ant professor and in 1872 professor of physical astronomy in Leipzig. In 1872 ZiAlner de veloped a theory. according to which the comets are not incandescent through heat, but glowing with electricity. He also made observations in regard to the solar constitution, and was one of the first with Huggins to apply the 'open-slit' method to the study of solar prominences (1869). In 1870 he miracle observations for determining the solar temperature by investigating the intensity of the solar radiations at their source. He also made photometric observations of the Mereurian plia.t.es, determined the albedo (reflective ca pacity) of several of the planets, and observed their thermal conditions. He wrote: Grand zagc diner allgemeinen Photometrie des Met al els (1861) Photometrische Untersuchungen ( 181i51: L'ebcr die Xatur der Kometen (1871, 3d ed. 1883 ; Prinzipien river electrodynamisehen Throrie der Matrrir (1876) : Wissensehaftliehe Abhandlungcn 11877-SI ). He also edited Schus
ter's Gibt es a11 beINISSt e and rererbte l'orstel holgen? 11879), in the latter part of his life he also turned his attention to spiritualistic and hypnotic. studies. For his astronomical discov eries, consult Clerke, History of Astronomy (Lon don, 1893).
ZoLLITER, KARL FRIEDRICH (1800-60). A German composer, born at Mittelhausen, Thurin gia. He studied music under Schicht at the Thomassehule in Leipzig, became an instructor of voeal music at the Ratsfreisehule in 1820, and too years later established a musical institute with his friend Hemleben. In 1833 lie founded the Ziillner-Verein, a male chorus society. In 1859 twenty of these societies held a grand musi cal festival at Leipzig. and after his death united and formed the Zollner-Bund. In 1868 a monument was erected to his memory in the Rosenthal. Leipzig. lie deserves to be especially remembered for his compositions for male chorus, besides which his works include motets. songs for mixed chorus, and songs with pianoforte Recoil].
paniMent.