YUN-NAN, 'south of the clouds,' from yiin, clouds + win, south, in allu sion to the great banks of fog which overhang the Province of Sze-Chuen on t he north). One of the eighteen provinces of China, proper, hounded on the north by Sze-Chuen, on the west by Kwci Chow and Kwang-si, on the south by Tong king and the Shan States, and on the west by Upper Bunna and the Shams. Estimated area, 146,680 square miles; estimated population, in 1903, 12,324,574, composed of Chinese (many of them MohalllInedans), Slums, and [Arm. Yun nan may lie described as vonsisting of a great central plateau 5000 to 700(1 feet above the level of the sea, diversified by ranges of hills and mountains, which in some places rise to heights of 7000 feet above the plateau, with lofty, massy ranges in the northwest whose serrated sum mits are covered with snov,'. The drainage is partly to the Yang-tse in the north, partly south east' through the Si-kiang, but mostly southward through the Song-koi, the :Mekong, and the Sal ween, which traverse its western parts from north to south. Its rivers have furrowed for themselves deep channels—several hundred feet in some places—through the prevailing red sandstones and shales. Lakes are numerous and some of them large. The province is known to be rich inminerals; `smokeless' coal (that is, anthracite) is widely distributed ; copper is extensively mined: silver, lead, tin, zinc, and iron are fond and worked; gold is found in the river sands, and salt pits are numerous and much salt is produced. The
chief industries are agriculture, mining, metal working, and lapidary work—jade-cutting being one of the most active branches. The jade, how ever, comes from Tammaw, in Upper Burma, and the precious stones are also brought in from the west. The chief • copper supply of the Empire comes from Yun-nan, as well as the Chinese `Ger man silver,' commercially known as pack-loyg ('white copper'). The chief agricultural prod ucts are rice, wheat, maize, a poor quality of opium, tobacco, a little cotton and silk, tea, and aniseed. The tea grown in tine Department of Fu-erh is noted throughout the Empire as more refreshing than any other, and brings a high price. It is steamed and then made into cakes for transportation. Two towns, Siong-tse and Sze-mao (q.v.), are open to foreign trade, and there is a British consbl at. Teng-yueh-chow, on the western frontier. The province shares with Kwei-chow the supervision of a Tsung-tuh or Governor-General. The Governor resides at Yun nan-fu (q.v.). A rebellion, begun in 1855 by the killing of 14.000 Mohammedans, lasted until 1S73, when it was suppressed with much slaughter. It did much to desolate the country and impoverish the people.