CIIEMIC kE COMPOSITION OF /IONE. The prin cipal chemical ingredients present in bone are gelatin and phosphate of lime: and the follow ing table represents the composition in 100 parts of bone of average quality: The gelatin of hones remaining behind atter treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid has the size and shape of the original bone, but is. of course, soft, somewhat transparent, flexible, and even elastic.. If this soft, gelatinous residue of bone be boiled with water, it dissolves in great part therein, and yields a solution which sets, or gelatinizes, on cooling. A more common way of extracting the gelatin from bone is to heat the bones covered with water in a digester to a temperature of 270° to 2S0° F.. when much of the gelatin dissolves out and leaves the earthy salts with the remainder of the gelatin. Be sides the marrow (q.v.). a little fat is gener ally found permeating the entire structure of the bone, which can be extracted by throwing the hones into hot water, when the grease or fat exudes and floats to the surface. In some of the larger hones of man and other inammalia, there is a central cavity containing a consider able amount of fatty matter, popularly known as marrow. These cavities are not found in the bones of the young animal, but gradually form as the animal approaches maturity. In the sloth, cetacea, seals, and a few other animals, the cavities arc not found. Occasionally, as in man, the elephant. giraffe, etc., the bones in the head have cavities tilled with air instead of marrow. The uses to which a bone may be put are various. In the cooking of soups, bones form a constant ingredient, and become useful in supplying gelatin, which gives a body to the soup it would not otherwise possess. How far gelatin is of itself nutritious is a disputed question. (See GELATIN and NuTamox.) Ani mals, however, like the dog. which masticate, devour, and digest the entire hone, do derive benefit therefrom, in part from the gelatin and in other part from the earthy substances; and the same remark applies to the use sometimes made of small fish, where, after being, thorough ly browned. they are entirely eaten. In times
of scarcity in Norway and Sweden, the poorer people even eat the bones of mackerel and other fish.
Bone is largely used in making the handles of small brushes, the more common table knives and forks, and penknives, and in the manufne ture of the cheaper sort of combs (q.v.). Our forefathers, before the metals were known, fash ioned fish-hooks out of hone, and used the spines in the tail and back fin of certain fishes for pointing arrows. These uses of bone, coupled with the employment of the serrated teeth of sharks as a war weapon, are still practiced by many uncivilized tribes. The fatty and other organic matters in bone allow of its being em ployed as a fuel where coal or wood cannot be obtained, as in the pampas of South America and the steppes of Russia. In these regions it is considered that the heat evolved during the combustion of the bones of an of suffices to cook the flesh. See also BONE FERTILIZERS.
BONE,11ENnv (1755-1S34). An English enamel painter. He was born at Truro, in Cornwall, February 6„ 1755. Ile was apprenticed to a manufacturer of china, but in 177S moved to London, where he made designs in enamel for jewelers. His merits as an artist were soon recognized; the beauty of his work attracted the notice of the Royal Academy; and he was admitted to that institution, first as an associ ate, afterwards, in 1S11, as a full academi cian. His collies of the "Sleeping Girl," by Sir Joshua Reynolds, brought him early fame, but his most beautiful examples were the exe cution of eighty-five portraits of illustrious melt and Nvomen of Queen Elizabeth's time. All were reproduced in enamel, and were of sizes varying from 5 by 4 to 13 by S inches. These exquisite portraits, so greatly admired in the time of Bone, with other valuable objects of art, were disposed of by public sale after his death, and are now in the hands of pri vate collectors. Bone was enamel painter to eorge 111., George IV., and William IN'. He executed miniatures after Raphael, Titian, and (Inc of the most famous was a copy of Titian's "Bacchus and Ariadne" in the National Gallery, 18 by 16 inches. He died Dec. 17, 1834.