French Canada has her own newspapers and periodicals, which Imre made an audience for the essay, the sketch, and the novel, Faucher de Saint -Maurice (q.v.), a journalist, who served in Mexico under Maximilian, wrote lie Quebec a .11exico; Les Pro•inees Maritimes; and ninny other volumes of description. Sir .Tames :MacPherson LeMoine is the author of a large number of legendary, historical, and erit ical sketches both in French and in English. as holoyie du Olnodil (1861); The (hron icles of the 'Saint Laurence (1579); and Pic turesque Quebec (1SS2). Arthur Buies, who has edited several journals, began in 1871 the pub lieation of his popular chroniques, which ex tended to several volumes. Ile has also written many other of delightful description. as Le Saguenay et la ralUc do Lae Saint Jean (1550). L. O. David, who opposed the union of the Canadas, is regarded as one of the most brilliant of recent writers. His Patriotes de 1837-38 (1SS I) and Les deur Papineau (1890) are a defense of the rebellion of the French Canadians in 1837. In Le ranadien (1896) lie vigorously attacked the Homan Cath olic clergy for meddling in polities. Besides these works. he is author of Biographies et por• traits (1870) and Iles eontemporains (1594), Among other essayists schooled in journalism are Alfred Duclos de Cellos and Nareisse En trope Dionne. The former has written touch on social and political questions, and his Etats rnis: Originc, institutions, th'reloppem•nts (1890) won the prize of the French Academy of Political and Moral Sciences. The latter is author of Jacques ("artier (1889): Sam tic/ Champlain (1S91 et seq.) : and other historical sketches, written in a finished style. For the historical romance. Canada possesses richer ma terial than the United States; lint no Cooper has yet appeared among either the French or the English population. Still, there have been seine noteworthy attempts at historical fiction. A pioneer work was Philippe de Les aneiens nadiens ( 18031 which Was translat ed into English. De Gasp6 was followed by Joseph Marinette, who wrote font- historical romances Francois de nrille (1S70): L'in !otwit Bigot 115721: i.e diet-Wier de Bodnar ( 1873 ) ; and La fianec'e du rebelle (1575). The first in the list passed through several edi• tions, and may he taken as one of the best sped melts of historical romance yet produced by French Canada. Among other novelists who have met with a measure of success are P. .f. O. Chanyean and L. P. LeMay, the latter better known as a poet.
The French Canadians, though they have culti vated history. the descriptive sketch. and the novel, excel in their verse. We have already men tioned the popular ballads which their ancestors brought over seas from old France. accent French-Canadian Verse, though lacking in depth, is graceful and rhythmical. The chief poet is Louis liono•i% Frechette (q.v.), whose Flenrs bon'ales and Les oiseaux de >wig(' were crowned by the French Academy in 1SS0. Ills finest poem is on the discovery of the Mississippi. Next to him is ranked Octave Cr(nuazie. who passed his last years in France. Ibis poems, which were contributed to various Canadian journals, were collected and published. with an mtroduetion by the Abbe:. Casgrain. in Montreal, in 1SS2. They include it beautiful elegy on Lcs morts, and a stirring lyric on Le drapeau de Ca rillon. !walling the victories of Monte:11m awl 1.•on Pamphile LeMay, already mentioned for his stories of Canadian life. fame far beyond his for a translation (1870) of Longfellow's "Evangeline." Ile has also pub
lished several volumes of original verse. begin ning with Essais pw'tiques (1805). As in the ease of Crinnazie, his best poems are patriotic lyrics. To the same of poets belongs, too, the historian Benjamin Suite (q.v.), who. by Les Laur•ntiennes (1570) and Les chants nou veaux (1SSO), inspired by the song.: of his poor plc, woo the title of mitional poet.
Canada. settled by English. Scotch, and Germans. was really built up by the Loyalists (known in the United States as To riesi who from the United States at the close of the Bevolutionary War. It is esti• mated that fully 35.000 left their southern homes. Some settled in Nova Scotia. and others founded New Brunswick and Upper Canada. or Ontario. During the period of struggle that followed down to the 1.111i011 of 1867. men had little time to devote to literature. As in the case of the French in Lower Canada, or Quebec, the first writers were explorers and historians. Samuel Hearne (horn in London in 1745) made three voyages of exploration, under the auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company. traveling 1300 miles on foot to the Great Slave Lake. After his death appeared his Account of a Journey from Prince of 1Vales's Fort in. Hudson's flay to the North-W(st (1795). Alexander Macken zie (born in Scotland about 1745) (q.v.), enter ing the service of the Northwest Fur Company, pushed beyond the Great Slane Lake down the river now bearing his name to the Arctic Ocean, and later crossed the Rocky Mountains to the Nellie. The narrative of these two perilous ex plorations was published under the title, Voyages on the River Saint Lawrence and Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pa cific Oceans (1801; reprinted. New York. 1902). After heroic efforts and a bloody conflict, the Earl of Selkirk (q.v.) established a colony in the Red River Valley, now the flourishing Province of Manitoba. While in Montreal he wrote his Sic( tch of the British Fur Trade in North. Amer ica (1816). From Joseph Bouchette, the sur veyor-general, came two notable topographical descriptions of the Canadas (1815-32). All these works were published in London; but by this time histories were beginning to issue from the Canadian press. We may cite William Smith's History of Canada (1815). and David Thompson's War of 1812 (1832). The speeches of Joseph Howe (q.v.), delivered in the Parlia ment of Nova Scotia, possess rare eloquence. They were collected in 1858. As editor of the Nora Scotian, of Halifax, then the leading news paper of Canada, he wrote two series of popular sketches. called "Western and Eastern Rambles" and "The Club." The former is based on observa tions made in travels through North America; the latter is an imitation of the Xoctes Ambro siance (q.v.). To the Nora Scotian, Thomas ('handler Haliburton (q.v.), a native of Nova Scotia and a judge of the Supreme Court, con tributed the series of humorous papers known as The Clorkmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickrille (1835 et seq.). The hero is a Yankee peddler into whose month is placed much telling criticism. The sketches were widely read in America and in England, and were translated into several languages. Oddly enough, though the Canadian humorist has had few successors in his own country, he is the father of dialect humor in the United States. Haliburton also wrote the standard his tory of Nova Scotia, and many books descrip tive of his country.