The union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841, and the subsequent confederation of all the provinces except Newfoundland and Labra dor, mark a new era for Canada. The feeling of nationality unknown in earlier times has found impassioned expression in the verse of Roberts, especially in the poem beginning, "0 Child of Nations, giant-limbed!" To the new era belong tile eminent statesmen Sir Charles Tupper (q.v.), Alexander Mackenzie (q.v.), Sir John Macdonald (q.v.). and Sir Wilfrid Laurier (q.v.). The constitutional questions that have come to the front since 1840 have created a press which compares favorably with that of the United States or England. Of Canadian journalists, Goldwin Smith (q.v.). who settled in Toronto in 1871, is known throughout the English-speaking world for his able work in politics and in literature. One of his best works is The United States: An Outline of Political History (1893). Of other miscellane ous writers it is possible to give hene only a partial list. In history, where much has been well done, should be mentioned: llobert Chris tie's of Lower Canada (li vols., 1849 55) ; Alpheus Todd's Parliamentary tiorern mcnt in England (2 vols., 1867-68) J. C. Dent's Thc Last Forty Years (1881), and The Story of the Upper Canada Rebellion (2 vols., 1885 SG) ; William Kingsford's History of Canada, the standard work (10 vols., 1887-97) ; James Hannay's (q.v.) history of Acadia (1879) , and other historical works; Henry Seadding's To ronto, Past and Present (1884) ; Rev. George Bryee's Manitoba (1881) and short history of the Canadian People (1SS7) : G. Adam's The Canadian Northwest (1885) : C. G. D. lloberts's (q.v.) History of Canada (1897) ; J. G. Bourinot's (q.v.) various books on Cana dian history and literature. of which Canada Under British Rule appeared in 1900; and the publications of the Royal Society of Canada, founded in Ottawa in 1882.
The essayists and miscellaneous writers who have contributed to Canadian. American, and English periodicals, or have published books, are numerous. The range of their work may be gained from the following incomplete list: J. B. Crozier, whose Civilization and Progress (1885) won wide attention and secured for the author an English pension; N. F. Davin, a member of the House of Commons for Assiniboia, whose Culture and Practical Power was praised by Gladstone; S. E. Dawson, known for his fine study of Tennyson's Princess (2t1 ed. 1884) ; Sir William Dawson (q.v.), a geologist and naturalist, who has aimed in many books to reconcile science and religion; the Rev. W. B. Withrow (q.v.), author of lime Catacombs of Rome. and other works; the Rev. G. 31. Grant (q.r.), principal of Queen's College, Kingston. who has written several political and religious books, as Our National Objects and Aims (1890), and The Religions of the World (1895) ; T. A. Ifaultain, the author of literary brochures, as Critique of Cardinal Newman's Exposition of the Illative Sense, and A Christmas Chat: a Fragmentary Dialogue on Lore and Religion; J. C. Hopkins, who has written lives of Sir John Thompson, Gladstone. and Queen Victoria; W. D. LeSenr, the author of notable essays on Sainte-Benve and Matthew Arnold; the Rev. John Maclean, whose books, as Our Savage Folk (1895), deal chiefly with the Indians: J. M. Oxley (q.v.), who has delighted boys with many capital sketches and stories, as Up Among the Ice Floes (1890). _treble McKenzie and In the Swing of the Sea (1497); and George Stewart, who has written excellently of Alcott and Emerson. Perhaps this is not the place to speak of Canada's scholars: but we should not pass without mention the well-known crit ical works of John Watson on Kant. Schelling,
and English empirical philosophy as represent ed by Mill and Spencer.
En fiction Canada long lagged far behind the rest of the English-speaking world. She had her reputable poets and historians long before there aplicared a novelist known beyond her borders. But toward the close of the Nineteenth Century, a school of Canadian novelists gained recognition. Naturally enough, the first Cana dian novels were in imitation of Cooper. John Galt (q.v.), a Scottish novelist, who lived for three years in Ontario, where lie bore a hand in founding the now flourishing city of Guelph, published, on his return home, Lawrie Todd, or the Settlers in the Woods (1830), giving graphic accounts of frontier life. Major John Rich ardson (born in Ontario of Scotch parents, in 1797) followed Galt with Waeousta, or the Prophecy (1833), an exciting romance based on the siege of Detroit by Pontiac. The vein worked thus early was taken up in the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century. William Kirby's (q.v.) The Golden Dog, a Legend of Quebec (1877), enjoyed the distinction of two translations into French and the hearty praise of Tennyson. In 7'he Romance of Dollard (1889), The Story of Tontu (1890), and The Lady of Port Saint John (1891), Mrs. Mary Catherwood (q.v.) recalled stirring episodes of Canadian history. G. M. Adam, one of the ablest of Canadian journalists, also succeeded with n Algonquin Maiden (1886). Life in the rural districts of Ontario has been described by Mrs. J. B. Hammond in The Unexpected Bride (1895) ; and the far-otT Northwest has found its way into the Devil's Playground (1S94) of John Mackie and the Prairie Pot pourri (1895) of Mrs. K. E. Hayes. Canadian legends are represented by Tales of the Soil by Miss B. L. 31aedonell. who has long been inter ested in the folk-lore of her country. Miss 31. R. Charlton is said to have been a pioneer in the fairy talc with her Wonder Web of Stories (1892) and With, Printless Foot (1894). Phases of modern life in Ottawa have been de picted by Miss K. Si. Barry in Honor Edgeworth and The Doctor's Daufilacr. Humor, in which Canadian literature has been deficient since Ilaliburton, has reappeared in The American Girl in London of Mrs. S. .J. Cotes (q.v.). and in The Ma jar's Big-Talk Stories of F. B. Crof ton. in the Madonna of a Day (1896), Miss Lily Dougall (q.v.) has drawn a portrait of the modern woman. Equally brilliant is her Beg gars .111 (18911. During the last few years the tale and the short story have been cultivat ed by many women. Among them are 31rs. S. F. Harrison (q.v.) and Miss P,obertine Barry, who have depicted the simple manners of the habi tant Miss J. N. Aleflwraith, who has con tributed sketches of life in Ontario and Quebec to various periodicals; Mrs. M. A. Sadlier, who has depicted the Irishman in Burke and similar tales; and Miss 31. M. Saunders, author of Daisy (1892), and Beautiful Joe (1894), the autobiography of a dog, which had an immense sale throughout America and England. Wil liam 31cLennan has contributed to Harper's Magazine a series of sketches of Canadian life. Interesting and well written as much of this fie tin is, the one Canadian novelist who has been able to give vitality to Canadian themes is Sir Gilbert Parker (q.v.). By his Pierre and llis People (1592), When •almimd Came to Pon tiac (1895). The Scats of the Mighty (1896), and The Right of Way (1901), lie takes rank among the most conspicuous contemporary nov elists.