SPAIN. Toledo, Burgos, Barcelona, Leon, Salamanca, Seville, Tarragona.
Tournai, Brussels, Antwerp.
It cannot be said that there was any special style or special form of plan used for cathedrals as distinct from other churches. The large body of canons connected with a cathedral made a large choir natural, and so the development of this part of the church (see Cuuneu) in the monastic churches of the preceding age was adopted by the cathedral builders of the Twelfth and succeeding centuries. The greater size and immense resources available made, however, the cathedrals the touchstones of artistic conditions. Also in France. w here scholastic philosophy was seeking to synthetize life and knowledge, the cathedral was made the vehicle for the expres sion in material forms of its encyclopedic learn ing for the edification of the masses. The Church had always sought to make of art a great edu cational engine, and the effort, previously scat tered in basilicas and churches of all kinds, was now more concentrated in the cathedrals.
In Italy the cathedral, the tower, and time bap tistery usually formed a group of three in the great square, and to them was often added the episcopal palace. Sometimes, especially in France and England. semi-monastic buildings with cloister, ehapter-house, and refectory, were attached to the-cathedral, but usually it stood clear, on the most conspicuous site of the city. Rome occupied a unique position. Saint John Lateran was more than the cathedral of Rome; it was the mother of all churches, being the seat of the Pope, but it was not called cathedral. Saint Peter succeeded it in the Fifteenth Cen tury. The other great basilicas of Rome—Saint Paul Without the Walls, Santa Maria Maggiore. Santa Croce in Gerusalemme—also had a rank superior to that of the ordinary cathedral. The bishop in his church was surrounded by his col lege of presbyters. of which he was the head. and the design of which was: (I) To strengthen him by wise counsel: (2) to maintain public worship with reverence and dignity (3) to go forth at his command, as evangelists, whither soever he might send them. It sometimes con sisted of 'secular clergy.' who were not bound by monastic vows, and had separate homes of their own; and sometimes of 'regulars.' who were under monastic rule and lived in buildings com mon to all. Of both kinds of chapters the bishop was the head; of the latter, as the abbot of the monastery to which his cathedral church be longed : and of the former. as having sole authority mer it. In early times there was an arch-presbyter, who had chief authority among the cathedral clergy, always in strict subordina tion to the bishop. Ile was gradually supplanted
by the archdeacon, who was followed in the Eighth and Ninth centuries by the or provost. The dean,' the present head of all English cathedral chaptcrs, first appears in the Tenth or Eleventh Century. ()item it' the bishop's diocesan duties increased and important political functions also were assigned him, he was obliged to leave the affairs of Ins cathedral to the head of the chapter. This is the explana tion of the strange anomaly, sometinws witnessed in modern times, that in his own cathedral church the bishop has less authority. than in any other church of his diocese. Under the bishop as its nominal head, the chapter of a fully organ ized cathedra], formed of secular priests, con sisted of four chief dignitaries and a body of canons, 1. The four high officers were : (1) the dean.' as the general head of the chapter charged with its internal discipline; (2) the precentor, presiding over the choir and musical arrange ments; (:I) the chancellor, who superintended the religious and literary instrnetion of the younger members, took care of the library, and wrote the letters; (4) the treasurer, to whom Were intrusted, not the money of the church (as might appear from the modern use of the word), but its sacred vessels, altar furniture, reliqua ries, and similar treasures. 11. In addition to those dignitaries, a cathedral chapter consisted of a board of officers called canons ; some of them NV ho enjoyed a separate estate (prwbenda) in tot dithm to their share of the corporate finds, were called prebendaries. In the Middle Ages an attempt was made to impose on them, in part, monastic rules with dining-hall and lodging rooms in common; but the restriction was never acceptable, and was gradually given up. No nastic cathedrals closely resembled other mon asteries, except that in the almost constant ab s..m.e of the bishop—their nominal abhot—they were erned by a prior. At the 'Reformation the distinction between secular and monastic cathedrals was maintained tinder the titles of cathedrals of the old and new foundations.
At present, all dioceses of the Roman Catholic church in the bruited States, and many dioceses of the Protestant. Episcopal Church, have cathe drals. The finest specimen of cathedral archi tecture at present existing in this country is Saint Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral, in New York City, begun in 1t.s:5S and practically completed in ItsSf), at a cost of some $2,:)00,000. It will, however, be surpassed in size and in mag nificence by the new Protestant Episcopal Cathe dral of Saint John the Divine, now ill process of erection on Cathedral Heights, New York City,