CYRUS THE YOUNGER ( ? -401 tic.). The second of the sons of Darius Nothus, or Ochus, and Parysatis, familiarly known through Xeno• phon's Anabasis. When his elder brother, Arta xerxes Mnemon (q.v.), succeeded to the throne (n.c. 404), Cyrus conspired to deprive him of his crown and his life. The plot, however, being discovered, he was at first sentenced to death, hut afterwards pardoned. through his mother's intervention, and was even restored to his dig nity of satrap of Asia Minor. Here be employed himself in making arrangements for war against his brother, although he concealed his purposes to the very last. In the spring of B.C. 401 he left Sardis at the head of 100,000 Asiatics and 13.000 Greek mercenaries. under pretense of chastising the robbers of Pisidia. Artaxerxes, being warned of Cyrus's perfidy, made prepara tions to oppose him, and the two armies encoun tered each other in the Plains of Cimaxa, between 00 and 70 miles from Babylon. Cyrus was de feated and slain, although the Greeks fought with the greatest courage. and even routed that portion of Artaxerxes's troops immediately op posed to them. The fortunes of the Greeks. on their retreat through the highlands of Kurdistan and Armenia in severe winter weather, are re corded by _Xenophon in his .Inabasis (q.v.). That
historian represents Cyrus the Younger as en dowed with every amiable quality.
CYST (from Gk. ktlffris, kystis, bladder). A tumor containing one or more cavities, the con tents of which arc of a fluid or semi-fluid con sistence. The cyst-wall is formed of connective and fibrous tissue, rarely of muscular fibres, and the inner surface of the cavity is lined with epithelium. Cysts are classified according to their mode of development. Some are found in glands and are due to an excess of the normal cell-secretion; others are caused by obstruction of the duets through which the secretion natural ly escapes. One class. known as dermoid cysts, are due to faulty embryonic development, and these at times contain hair, nails, or teeth. Oc casionally solid tumors undergo cystic degenera tion. Hydatid cysts are of parasitic origin, and occur most frequently in the liver. Besides these there are numerous other varieties depending upon the tissues in which they grow. Cysts vary in size from minute retention cysts on the face to the enormous tumors of the ovary. one of which is reported as weighing 116 pounds. Sur gical interference is frequently required. See OVARIES; HYDATIDS.