LOWER AN I mALs. Constipation in the lower animals depends, as in loan, on imperfect secre tion from, or motion of, the intestinal walls. In the horse it is usually accompanied by colic qx.) , and when long continued leads to enteri tis (q.v.). The appropriate remedies are soap and water clysters, given every two hours; smart friction and cloths wrung out of hot water ap plied to the abdomen. with three drachms of aloes and one of calomel, given in gruel, and re peated in sixteen hours if no effect is produced. Give, besides, walking exercise: restrict the amount of dry solid food, but allow plenty of thin gruel or other fluids, which may be rendered more laxative by admixture with treacle or a little salt. Similar treatment is called for in clogs, cats, and pigs. In cattle and sheep diges tion principally takes place in the large and quadrisected stomach: the bowels, accordingly, are little liable to derangement; and constipa tion, when occurring in these animals, generally depends upon impaction of dry hard food between the leaves of the manyplies, third stomach, or fardel-bag. The complaint is hence called fardel bound. It results from the eating of tough and indigestible food. such as ripe vetches, rye-grass, or clover; it prevail., in dry seasons, and on pastures where the herbage is coarse and the water scarce. It occurs among cattle partaking freely of hedge-cuttings or shoots of trees, hence its synonym of From continuous cramming and want of exercise, it is frequent in stall-feeding animals, while from the drying up of the natural secretions it accompanies most febrile and inllammatory diseases. The milder
cases constitute the ordinary form of indigestion in ruminants, are accompanied by what the cow man terms loss of cud, and usually yield to a dose of salts given with an ounce or two of gin ger. In more protracted cases rumination is sus pended. appetite is gone, constipation and fever are present. There is a grunt noticeable, espe cially when the animal is moved. and different from that accompanying chest-complaints, by its occurrence at the commencement of expiration. By pressing the closed fist upward and forward beneath the short ribs on the right side, the round. hard, distended stomach may be felt. This state of matters may continue for ten days or a fortnight, when the animal, if unrelieved, be comes nauseated, and sinks. Stupor sometimes precedes death, while in some seasons and locali ties most of the bad cases are accompanied by excitement and frenzy. In this, as in other re spects, the disease closely corresponds with stom ach-staggers in the horse. purgatives in large doses, combining several to gether, and exhibiting them with stimulants in plenty of fluid. For a medium-sized ox or cow, use three-quarters of a pound each of common and Epsom salts, ten croton beans, and a drachm of calomel, with three ounces of turpentine, and administer this in half a gallon of water. If no effect is produced in twenty hours, repeat the dose. Withhold all solid food; encourage the animal to drink gruel, soft bran mashes, mo lasses and water; and give exercise, enemata, and occasional hot fomentations to the belly.