3') i. I he her niece. undid her work with fatal rapidity, lost his triple kingdom, (tit 41 led in Ili r the short reign of his nephew, I liristi phi r of Bavaria. the Danes, on the death of time Litter in I I ts, reasserted their ancient , f I 114 tiIat for their 1:ing t Irristi in of obleillutrg, it de ,cendatit of the old royal family through his niatern.il am( st the great •grand (laughter 1 f V.Ildencir II. ('hristian 1. was the father of ilic oldentairg line, which continued unbroken till t he ii. t II of Froderi•k VII. hi I hri-tian was Phi isell nder by the ikt,ite, Schleswig and in 11110, promising for hi, that they should forever leave the two lands united. .\ s of Iwhich \%(t, included in the Holy Lottmll 1•:nipirel. I he king: of 1)enmark became members or the Oer inanie body. Christian l.'s reign was folio ‘‘.• I by half a century of warfare and anarchy in Se:militia% M. The tyranny of Christ II. (151:3-2.:1) eo•I him his throne. 'His blood! atrocities in Sweden Were followed by the cessful vindication of the independenee of that country Gustavus va-a, those his uncle, Frederick I. I 1523-33 I their King. nivhile was fiireyer 11'0111 DellIllark. Tuley I I. Denmark first began to enter into extensive t reaty relit it ns other European State,. I lirist ion III.
11531-39i, in rt*(11 the lieformat ion wasestablished. united the Schle,m duchies in perpetuity to the Crown. ills partition of the greater part of these province, among become a source of much mischief, Frederick II. (Li-ill-SS) further complicated in regard to the duchies by imiking additional partition, in favor of big brother, the founder of the HolstenrSonderburg family. Ile was succeeded by jail I V. ( , who hits one of the ablest 1/I rulers. although Ilk foreign wars \Vete dkaiid while his liberal and wise internal policy was cramped in direction by the nobles. Ile fought for l'rotes tantism in Fermium in the Thirty Years' \Var and was utterly defeated. Toward the end of his reign he engaged in an war against which beCallle I he dominant on the Millie. In the reign of Christian', son, III. (16-V4-70). 1)enmark had surrender all her possessions in the Swedish portion of the Seandinavian In 1 WM Frederick 111.• xvith the assistance of the clergy and the burghers, who haul joined hie.. itu opposing the pretensions of Ilse noble.. de clared I he (Town hereditary, and the royal authority and ushered in a new The power of the nobility reduced, hat tlio peasantry find barglien; profited little by the change. ,Nlany improvements were, however, effected in the mode of administering the laws. and the Danish kings. although a mild rule. The abolition of serfdom begun in 17(t7 by Christ ion VI I. but was not thirdly completed t ill twenty years later: it was extended to the illichies in Dint. The misfortunes due to the rein t ion; Maintained by 1)eninark with Napoleon brought the country to the verge of ruin. by tilting ing it into war with Sweden. England, and Prussia. and although it speedily rallied hisses intlieted in IS(II by the battle of Copenhagen, the fresh rupture with the .\ which ended in the compulsory surrender to the of 1110 entire fleet, after the destruct it e bombardment of Copenhagen (September, 1,ti; 1, completely paralysed the nation. lly the l'eaee of Kiel in 1ti11 Frederick VI, of I)i-ninatk ( Isms-T.0 was eompelled to cede Norway 11) The .bgeeuit,nt that had long been pre vailing in Schleswig and Holstein del eloped after l'-t:tu into mutual het ween the Danish and Ferman population. The anticipated failure of heir, to the Onion.. eimiplieateil the tine-lions at issue, and in IsIg, immediately after the snipe...shin of l'rederiek \•I I.. the element,
in Schleswig and Holstein, being encouraged by the Frankfort Parliament (which voiced the revolutionary movement in Germany), and per- • still more by Prussia, rose in arms against Denmark. After alternate hostilities and armis tices, the first Schleswig-Holstein War, in which the Danish troops fought bravely against the forces of Prussia and other Ger man States and of the rebellious duchies, ter minated in 1851. Prussia having abandoned the cause of the duchies, and Austria and Prussia having finally intervened to restore the former order. The liberal Constitution which Christian VIII. bad in the meantime granted to his sub jects failed to reconcile the Germans in Schles stein.
On the death. in 1863, of Frederick VII., Chris tian of Sehleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gliicks burg ascended the throne under the title of Christian IX. (q.v.) in conformity with the act known as the Treaty of London (1852), by which the European Powers had settled the succession to the Danish crown on him and his descendants by his wife. Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel. niece of King Christian VIII. of Denmark. With Frederick VII. the direct Oldenburg line had expired, and at his death the question of the succession to the duchies acquired an importance which it had never before possessed. Schleswig and Holstein declared for Prince Frederick of Augustenburg„, a scion of a branch of the Oldenburg line, and ap pealed to the Germanic Confederation for sup port. The Germanic Diet sent an army into Holstein. Prussia and Austria had in the mean time concerted with each other to take the settle ment of the Schleswig-Holstein affair into their own hands. Christian VIII., reflecting upon the way in which the cause of the duchies had been betrayed by the German powers in the war of 184S-51. and relying upon the support of Eng land. allowed himself to be dragged into a war single-handed with Prussia and Austria, whose forces advanced into Schleswig in February, 1864. After a brave but utterly futile attempt at re sistance. the Danes saw their country overrun by the troops of Prussia and Austria, and by the Treaty of Vienna (October 30. 1864) were forced to submit to the terms exacted by their powerful foes, and resign not only Holstein and Lanen burg. hut the ancient crown appanage of Schles wig into the hands of the two Powers. As a re sult of the war of 1.86IL the duchies became permanently possessions of Prussia. The record of political occurrences in Denmark since 1814 is mainly concerned with the struggle be tween the Conservative and 'Liberal parties, the rise of a powerful Democratic party. and the development of the system of parliamentary gov ernment. In external relations the two most iinportant events have been the agitation leading to the concession of constitutional government to Iceland and the question of the sale of the Danish West Indies to the United States, which was broached as early as 1870.
OttC., Denmark and Iceland (London, 18811 : Frisch, :Vora-earn, mend Danemark (7th ed., by Jonas. Berlin, 1886) : Weitemeyer (editor), Denmark: Its History and Topography, Language, Literature, Fine A Os, ;:orial Mfr. and Finance (London. 14911: Dahl mann, c;eschichic ran Dui/le/nark N'ok., Ilam burg, 1840-43), vol. iv., by Sch:ifer (Gotha, 1893), the standard history of Denmark; Phi lippi, Ueschichfc ran Daneinark (2d ed., Leip zig, 1846) Worsaae, The Danish of England and Normandy (Copenhagen, 1863) , Sidgwick, The Story of Denmark (London, 18851. See ARMED NEUTRALITY ; CONTINENTAL. SYSTEM: NELSON: POLITICAL PARTIES, paragraph Den mark ; SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.