]n Holland Abraham Kuenen (died 1891), B. Gott. W. H. Rosters (died 1897), J. C. Matthes, and G. Wildeboer have rendered especially valu able services to biblical interpretation. Kuenen, a most conscientious and painstaking scholar, was the first to recognize that the priestly docu ment, narrative as well as legislation, was post exilic. Rosters first searchingly inquired into the historical character of the story of the return from Babylon. In France Eduard Reuss (died 1891) as early as 1833 expressed his conviction that Leviticus was post-exilic, and by his ex cellent translation of the entire Bible with com mentary spread the results of a more fruitful Bible study among his countrymen. Ernest Renan (died 1892) commented with particular success on Ecclesiastes. The important epigraph ical labors of eminent French scholars, partie ularly Clermont-Ganneau, have also been of con siderable value to interpretation. In Great Brit ain Samuel Davidson. in editing the tenth edition of Horne's introduction (1856), introduced a more scientific view of the Hebrew Bible. More important. however, was the acute criticism of the Pentateuch and Joshua. by J. W. Colenso (1862-79). Rowland Williams contributed to the understanding of the prophets (1866). By his thorough knowledge of Arabian antiquity W. Robertson Smith (died 1894) was able to throw much light upon the biblical writings. A. B. Davidson (died 1902) was a thoughtful and in dependent expisit or. Samuel R. Driver, by his
introduction, his commentaries, and his contribu tions to the I tastings Dictionary of the Bible, of which he is one of the editors, has won well deserved confidence as an interpreter of the Bible. An eminent biblical exegete, an acute textual critic. and a iesourceful and sympathetic ex pounder of the thought is Thomas Kelly Cheyne. Ilk works upon Isaiah and the Psalter ;cud in the Ppicyclopaylia. Bib lira Linn diRtilletly biblical science. German methods of interpreta tion became known in America through an essay nn Messianic. priipheey 11t. George R. NOyeti, in 1831, John G. Palfrey's lectures on Jewish his tory (1840), and Theodore Parker's translation of de Wette's introduction (1840). During the last two decades valuable contributions to bib lical interpretation have been made by C. F. Toy, C. A. Briggs, George F. Moore, Henry P. Smith, Paul Haupt, and many others. The Pulpit Com mentary, the Expositor's Bible, the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, the International Critical Commentary, the Messages of the Bible, and the Temple Bible are all written more or less from a modern critical standpoint. A work of great importance is the Polychrome Bible, edited by Paul Haupt. presenting, in different colors to indicate the different literary strata, a critically restored Hebrew text and the translation into modern English of this text.