Coke
Coke Is Coal Divested Of Its Gaseous And More Volatile Constituents By Partial Combus Tion In Close Chambers, Or In Heaps From Which The Free Access Of Air Is Excluded. The Sim Plest Mode Of Coking Coal, Which Is Still Occa Sionally Followed, Is To Lay The Coal In Large ...
Colonies
Colonies. The British Colonies Exert A Most Important Influence On Our National Manufactures. So Varied Are The Climate And Productions Of Those Colonies, Scattered As They Are In Every Part Of The World, That The Talent Of Our Manufacturers Is Repeatedly Brought Into Play To Supply The Every-day Wants Of ...
Colours
Colours. The Word Colour Is Used In Many Different Ways. Besides Its Original Meaning, In Relation To The Tints Of Rays Of Light, It Has Gradually Come To Be Applied To The Substances By Which Those Tints Are Imi Tated. Painter's Colours, For House-painting And Similar Purposes, Are Mostly Prepared ...
Columbus
Columbus. This Truly Great Man Ex Erted Such Immense Influence On The Industry And Commerce Of The Last Three Centuries By His Discoveries In America, That It Is Desirable Here To Note Down The Extent And Dates Of His Researches. Born At Genoa In Or About 1445, He Acquired A ...
Comb Cutting
Comb-cutting. The Old Method Of Forming The Teeth Of Combs Is By Means Of A Double Saw, Which Consists Of Two Separate Fine Saws, Placed Parallel With Each Other, And Adjusted To Such A Distance From Each Other As To Embrace A Tooth Of The Required Fineness Between Them. These ...
Combination Laws
Combination Laws. These Laws, Which Were An Object Of Much Solicitude To Manufacturers And Artizans, Were Repealed In 1824. Till Then Any Combination Of Any Two Or More Masters, Or Any Two Or More Workmen, To Lower Or Raise Wages, Or To Increase Or Di Minish The Number Of Hours ...
Compasses
Compasses. There Are Many Varieties Of These Useful Instruments. The Common Compasses, Or Dividers, Are Simply Two Pointed Legs On A Common Pivot, For Transferring Dis Tances. For Drawing A Circle The Lower End Of One Of The Legs Is Removed, And Its Place Sup Plied By A Bolder For ...
Composing Machines
Composing Machines. In Ordinary Typography (printing] The Types Are Collected One By One, By The Fingers Of The Compositor, From Little Cells Or Compartments, And Ar Ranged In The Proper Order For Printing. About Ten Years Ago However Two Very Ingenious At Tempts Were Made, By Messrs.young And Del. Cambre ...
Connaught
Connaught. This, The North-western Province Of Ireland, Is Almost Shut Out From Industrial Connection With England. It Is Very Poor, And The Potato Failure Of 1817 Ren Dered It Still Poorer. There Have Been Lately, However, Numerous Projects Formed For The Improvement Of This Province, And The Deve Lopment Of ...
Conservatory
Conservatory, Properly So Called, Is A Building Heated By Artificial Means, Having Its Whole Southern Part Closed By Large Glazed Sashes, Which May Be Opened Or Shut At Pleasure. Its Floor Is Generally Of Stone, And A Part Of It Is Occupied By A Stage On Which Plants In Pots ...
Cooking Apparatus
Cooking Apparatus. If Cookery Be Raised To The Dignity Of A Chemical Art (and There Is No Good Reason Why It Should Not) We Ought To Regard Cooking Vessels As Chemi Cal Apparatus. It Is, However, Chiefly In The Mode Of Applying And Economising Heat, That Such Apparatus Calls Forth ...
Copper And Its Manufactures
Copper And Its Manufactures. Copper Is One Of The Metals With Which The Greeks Were Acquainted ; It Was Used By Them, Alloyed With Tin, For Cutting And Warlike In Struments, Before Iron Was Known, Or At Any Rate Before It Was Common. Copper Has A Red Colour, And Is ...
Copying Machines
Copying Machines. Copying Ma Chines Are Extensively Used In Mercantile Es Tablishments For Producing Duplicates Of Letters, Invoices, And Other Manuscript Papers. The Most Simple Contrivance Acts By Trans Ferring, By Means Of A Rolling Or Screw Press, A Portion Of The Ink With Which A Letter Is Written To ...
Copyright And Regis Tration
Designs, Copyright And Regis Tration. Intermediate In Character Be Tween The Copyright Of Literary Productions, And Patents For Mechanical Inventions, Is The Registration Of Designs In Which Fine Art Is More Or Less Exhibited. An Act Of Parliament In 1735 Gave A Copyright For Fourteen Years In The Arts Of ...
Cork
Cork. The County And City Of Cork Are Both Worthy Of Attention, In Respect To Natural Products And Commercial Pursuits. The Prin Cipal Copper-mines In Ireland Are Situated At Allahies In This County. They Were First Worked In 1814. The Ore Contains From 55 To 65 Per Cent. Of Copper. ...
Cork Cutting
Cork Cutting. The Nature Of Cork Is Explained In An Earlier Article [berm]. In The Snaking Of Ordinary Corks, The Material Is Entirely Shaped By Very Sharp, Smooth Edged Broad Latives, Without The Aid Of Any Machinery; It Is One Of Those Employments In Which Everything Depends On The Manual ...
Corn Trade
Corn Trade. The Name Of Corn Is Sometimes Given To Grain Only, While At Other Times It Is Made To Include Meal Or Flour As Well As Grain. The American Merchants, And Some In Our Own Country, Give The Name Of Breadstuff; To Grain And Meal Collectively. We Shall Give ...
Cornwall
Cornwall. Copper And Tin Are The Most Important Minerals Of Cornwall. The Extent Of The Metalliferous Veins Is Unknown, As Well As The Depth To Which They Extend No Miner Has Yet Seen The End Or Bottom Of A Vein. Their Width Varies Much, From The Thickness Of A Sheet ...
Corsica
Corsica. About 25,000 Acres In This Island Are Planted With Vines. Tho Yearly Produce Of Wine Is 6,000,000 To 7,000,000 Gal Ions, Some Of Which, Especially That Of Cap I Corso, Is Of Good Quality ; But In General It Is Carelessly Made, Ripe And Unripe Grapes Being Put Indiscriminately ...
Cosmetics
Cosmetics. The Chemistry Of The Toilet Table Has Provided Many Preparations Under The Name Of Cosmetics, For External Adornment Or Artificial Beautifying. Hair Dyes,pomatums, Pomades, Depilatories, Dentifrices, Tooth-powders, &a., May All Be Deemed More Or Less As Belong Ing To The Class Of Cosmetics ; But The Names Is Usually ...
Cote Dor
Cote-d'or. This Department Of France Is Famous For Its Wines. The Favoured District Is Divided Into Two Parts—the Me-de-nulls, Extending From Dijon To Nuits; And The Cate Beaunoise, From Nuits To The Dheune. The Former Is Famous For Its Red Wines, The Most Renowned Of Which Are Those Called Bomanee, ...
Cotton Culture And Trade
Cotton Culture And Trade. Cotton Is A Filamentous Substance Produced By The Surface Of The Seeds Of Various Species Of Gossypium. It Consists Of Vegetable Hairs,1 Of Considerable Length, Springing From The Surface Of The Seed-coat, And Filling Up The Cavity Of The Seed Vessel In Which The Seeds Lie. ...
Cotton Manufacture
Cotton Manufacture. Cotton Was Woven By The Hindoos And Chinese Many Centuries Before The Christian Sera. The Egyptians Are Supposed To Have Im Ported Woven Cotton Before The Plant Had Begun To Be Cultivated In Their Country; And The Romans Received Woven Cotton From India Long Before The Cotton-plant Was ...
Cotton Spinning
Cotton Spinning. The Spinning Of Cotton Into The Form Of Yarn, Or Thread, Re Of These Consists In Mixing The Contents Of Difflrent Bags Together, To Equalise The Quality. Thh Is Done By Spreading Out The Contents Of Each Bag In A Horizontal Layer Of Uniform Thicaness, The Contents Of ...
Cotton Or Calico Printing
Cotton Or Calico Printing. This Art Been Practised From Time Immemorial In India. Pliny Describes A Mode Which Was Adopted By The Egyptians In Staining Cotton Cloth, Evidently Similar To The Modern Process Of Employing Wood-cuts. In India, Not Only Is The Art Of Using Wood Printing-blocks Well Known, But ...
Coventry
Coventry. In The Time Of The Edwards And Henries, The Tradesmen Of Coventry Were Famed For Their Affluence. In 1448 They Equipped 600 Armed Men For The Public Ser Vice. Until The War Between England And France In 1694, The Staple Manufacture Was Woollens, Broad-cloths And Caps ; And Previous ...
Crane
Crane, Is A Machine Employed For Raising Weights Vertically By Means Of A Rope Or Chain Acted Upon By A Windlass, But Carried Over A Pulley Or Wheels Attached To The Extremity Of A Projecting Arm Or Jib. The Common Ware House Crane, Which Is Usually Formed Of Iron, May ...
Crayons
Crayons Are A Useful Kind Of Material For Drawing. Black Chalk Found In Italy, White Chalk Found In France, And Red Chalk, Form Three Of The Best Varieties Of Crayons; Each Has Its Own Peculiar Value As A Drawing Ma Terial. Artificial Crayons Are Composed Of Different Coloured Earths And ...
Creasote Or Kreasote
Creasote Or Kreasote Is A Fluid Compound Of Oxygen, Hydrogen, And Carbon, Obtained From Oil Of Tar. It Is Colourless,trans Parent, And Has A Strong Odour Which Greatly Resembles That Of Smoked Meat, With A Caustic And Burning Taste. It Is Highly Antiseptic, And Combines Both With Acids And With ...
Crewe
Crewe, In Cheshire, Is One Of The Most Remarkable Instances Of A Thriving And Popu Lous Town Springing Into Existence In Connec Tion With The System Of Railway Communica Tion. It Owes Its Erection Entirely To The For Mation Of The London And North Western Line Of Railway. The Inhabitants ...
Croton
Croton, Is The Name Of A Plant Which Is Largely Used In Medicine. Cascarilla Bark Is Yielded By The Croton Cascarilla, A Tree Or Shrub Growing In The Vicinity Of Jalapa. It Occurs In Pieces About A Foot Long. The Colour Ex Ternally Is Yellowish, Ash-gray, Or Varying To Reddish ...
Crystals Crystallography
Crystals; Crystallography. Al Though The Study Of Crystals As A Science, Apart From Their Practical Applications In The Arts, Does Not Belong To The Present Work, It May Be Useful To Explain Certain Terms And Properties, Which Are Constantly In Use When Crystals Are Spoken Of. Mineralogists Have Adopted Certain ...
Cuba
Cuba Is The Largest Of The Islands Which Constitute The Columbian Archipelago, In The Foreign West Indies. The Objects Raised For Consumption And Exportation Are Sugar, Coffee, Tobacco, Cotton, Cocoa, And Indigo ; But The Last Three On A Very Small Scale. As Immense Tracts Are Not Cultivated, But Only ...
Cumberland
Cumberland. This County Is Rich In Minerals ; Comprising Silver, Copper, Lead, Iron, Plumbago, Limestone, And Coal. The Principal Lead Mines Are Situated At Alston, And Are Al Most Exclusively The Property Of Greenwich Hospital, To Which Institution They Were Appro Priated By Act Of Parliament On The Attainder Of ...
Cutlery
Cutlery. Nearly All The Cutlery Used In This Country, And A Vast Quantity Of That Which Is Met With In Other Parts Of The World, Is Made At Sheffield. It Is One Of Those Curi Ous Examples Which The History Of Manufac Tures Often Presents, Of The Settlement Of A ...
Dairy Dairy Farms
Dairy ; Dairy Farms. A Dairy-house Should Be Situated On A Dry Spot Somewhat Elevated, On The Side Of A Gentle Declivity, And On A Porous Soil. It Should Be On The West Or North-west Side Of A Hill If Possible, Or At Least Sheltered From The North, East, And ...
Damascene Work
Damascene Work. The Damask, Da Mascene, Or Damascus Work, So Often Met With In Choice Specimens Of Metal Manufacture, Especially On The Old Damascus Sword-blades, Is A Method Of Producing A Pattern Or Design By Encrusting One Metal With Another. It Was Introduced Into Europe From The Levant, Where It ...
Decoctions
Decoctions Are Formed By Subjecting The Harder Parts Of Plants, Which Are Not Easily Penetrated By Liquids, Or Are Insoluble In Water Of A Low Temperature, To The Process Of Boiling, Generally In Water, But Sometimes In Oil. By This Means Much Of The Substance Is Dissolved, And The Active ...
Dell
Dell. Bells Of A Small Size Are Undoubt Edly Very Ancient; The Hebrews, The Greeks, And The Romans Used Them. The Large Bells Now Used In Churches Are Said To Have Been Invented By Pardinus, Bishop Of Nola In Cam Pania, About The Year 400 ; And They Were Probably ...
Denmark
Denmark Is Principally An Agricultural Country. The Most Fertile Parts Are The Islands Of Laaland And Falster, And Next To Them Seeland And Fur= ; But Agriculture Is Most Skilfully Carried On In The Baltic Districts Of Holstein. The Danes However Are Not Gene Rally Good Agriculturalists, Of The Whole ...
Derby
Derby. The Principal Manufactures Of This Interesting Town Are Of Silk And Cotton Goods, Porcelain, Jewellery, And Ornamental Articles Made Of The Various Kinds Of Spar Found In The County, Red And White Lead, Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead, Cast Iron, Ribbed Stock Ings, And Bobbin-net, And Other Lace. Silk Hosiery ...
Derbyshire
Derbyshire. This County Is Rich In Mineral Strata. The Coal-measures Underlie The Magncsian Limestone, And Crop Out From Beneath It On The West. These Coal Measures Form Part Of That Important Coal Field Which Occupies A Considerable Part Of The West Riding Of Yorkshire, And Extends Into Nottingham Shire And ...
Devonshire
Devonshire. This Fine County Is Rich In Minerals Available In The Manufacturing Arts. Slate Rocks Are Very Predominant. These Rocks Are Quarried For Roofing-slates : Ip They Are Metalliferous, Affording Iron-stone, And Veins Of Tin, Copper, And Lead : Theyeins Or Lodes Which Yield Tin Or Copper, Run, As In ...
Diamond
Diamond. This Crystalline Gem, On As Munt Of Its High Lustre And Extreme Hardness 1 A 3 Always Been Regarded As The Most Valuable If The Precious Stones. The Diamond Usually Occurs In Imbedded Octahedral Crystals In Al Luvial Ground, In The East Indies, Brazil, And He Ural Mountains. It ...
Distillation
Distillation Is A Chemical Process For Applying A Regulated Heat To Fluid Substances In Covered Vessels, In Order To Separate Their More Volatile Constituents In Vapour : And For Condensing Them Immediately By Cold Into The Liquid State. The Distillation Of Aromatic Wa Ters Was Known To The Greeks And ...
Diving Bell
Diving Bell. Much Ingenuity Has Been Devoted From An Early Period To The Contri Vance Of Apparatus For Enabling Men To De Scend Beneath The Surface Of Water, To A Greater Depth, For A Longer Space Of Time, And With Less Exertion And Danger, Than Is Possible By The Unassisted ...
Docks And Dock Yards
Docks And Dock-yards. A Dock Is A Place Artificially Formed For The Reception Of Ships, The Entrance Of Which Is Generally Closed By Gates. There Are Two Kinds Of Docks, Dry Docks And Wet-docks. The Former Are Used For Receiving Ships In Order To Their Being In Spected And Repaired. ...
Doll Manufacture
Doll Manufacture. Let Not Any One Suppose That The Making Of Dolls Is Too Trifling An Employment To Merit Notice In A Work Devoted To Industrial Pursuits. It Affords Bread To Numerous Persons, And Is Subjected To As Many Divisions And Subdivisions As Other Manufactures. A Glass Manufacturer Of Bir ...
Dome
Dome, A Term Applied To A Covering Of The Whole Or Part Of A Building. The Word Dome Is Strictly Applied To The External Part Of The Spherical Or Polygonal Roof, And Cupola To The Internal Part. The Most Magnificent Dome Of Antiquity Is That Of The Pantheon, Supposed To ...
Donegal
Donegal. This Irish County Is Rich In Quarries Of Fine Stone. The White Marble Of Dunlewy, Near The Mountain Erigal, Is Stated To Be Of An Excellent Quality, And Its Bed Very Extensive; It Has Been Traced Over A Space Of Half A Mile Square, And Is So Finely Granular, ...
Dorsetshire
Dorsetshire. This County Yields Many Mineral Substances Useful In The Arts. The Eastern Parts Of The County Are Mostly Occu Pied By The Plastic Clay. Potters' Clay In Beds Of Various Thickness And At Different Depths Alternates With Loose Sand In This Formation In The Trough Of Poole; It Is ...
Down
Down. In This Irish County The Linen Manufacture Is The Staple Trade, And Gives Employment To A Greater Number Of Operatives, In Proportion To The Population, Than In Any Other Part Of Ireland. It Has Been Estimated That The Linen Trade Gives. Employment, In Various Ways, To 10,000 Persons In ...
Draining
Draining. As A Certain Quantity Of Moisture Is Essential To Vegetation, So An Ex Cess Of It Is Highly Detrimental. In The Re Moval Of This Excess Consists The Art Of Drain Ing, Which Presents Three Principal Features : 1. To Drain Land Which Is Flooded By Water Coming Over ...
Drawing
Drawing, In Its Strict Meaning, Is The Art Of Representing Objects On A Flat Surface By Lines Describing Their Forms And Contours Alone, Independently Of Colour Or Even Shadow, Although The Latter Is Closely Allied With Draw Ing, Both In Practice And In Theory. Although Drawing Embraces All Objects And ...
Drilling
Drilling Is A Mode Of Sowing By Which The Seed Is Deposited In Regular Equidistant Rows, At Such A Depth As Each Kind Requires For Its Most Perfect Vegetation. It Has Been Practised By Gardeners From Time Immemorial, And From The Garden It Has Gradually Extended To The Field. The ...
Drugs Druggists
Drugs; Druggists. The Difference Between Drugs And Chemicals Is Vague And Indeterminate ; And The Professions Of The Chemist And Druggist And The Apothecary Are In Like Manner Generally Confounded Together In Popular Estimation. The Rules Established By The Medical Corporations, Such As The Col Lege Of Physicians, The College ...
Drummonds Light
Drummond's Light. The Difficulty Of Distinguishing The Stations Chosen For The Angular Points Of The Triangles In A Geodetical Survey, Such As The Ordnance Survey Of The United Kingdom, When Those Stations Are Many Miles Asunder, Renders It Necessary To Have Recourse To Illumination Even In The Day-time ; And ...
Dry Rot
Dry Rot. This Is The Name Given To A Disease Affecting Timber, And Particularly The Oak, Employed For Naval Purposes. When Dry Rot Is Produced By The Attacks Of Fungi, The First Sign Of It Consists In The Appearance Of Small White Points, From Which A Filamentous Substance Radiates Parallel ...
Drying Machines
Drying Machines. A Valuable Im Provement Has Been Made Within The Last Few Years In The Mode Of Drying Woven Cloth Which Has Been Bleached Or Otherwise Wetted. In The Ordinary Mode Of Drying By Exposure To The Open Air, The Moisture Gradually Evapo Rates ; In A Hot Room ...
Dundee
Dundee. This Important Town, The Third In Rank Among The Manufacturing Towns Of Scotland, Has Deep Shipping-quays On The Tay Which Accommodate A Large Amount Of Export And Import Trade. In 1815 The Reno Vation And Extension Of The Harbour Gave An Impulse To Its Manufactures And Commerce, Which Has ...
Dusseldorf
Dusseldorf Is One Of The Most Manu Facturing Districts In Rhenish Prussia. There Are Extensive Manufactures Of Woollens, Silks, Cotton, Thread, Leather, Steel, Iron, Ironware, And Cutlery, Tobacco, Soap, &c. Iron, Coals, And Potters' Clay, Are Among The Native Pro Ducts. At Duisberg There Is A Large Vitriol Factory, Steam ...
Dyeing
Dyeing Is The Art Of Staining Textile Sub Stances With Permanent Colours. It Was An Art Known And Practised To A Considerable Ex Tent By The Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, And Romans. The Moderns Have Obtained From The New World Several Dye Drugs Unknown To The Ancients ; Such As ...
Eagle Wood
Eagle-wood. This Is A Highly Fragrant Wood, Much Esteemed By Asiatics For Burning As Incense, And Known In Europe By Its Pre Sent Designation Ever Since The Portuguese Visited And Imported The Substance Diiect From The Malayan Islands And The Kingdom Of Siam, Where It Has Always Been Abundant, And ...
East Indies
East Indies. This Immense And Im Portant Country Is Deeply Interesting To Us It An Industrial And Commercial Point Of View Both For Its Natural Riches, And For The Influ Ence Which An English Company Has So Long Exerted In That Quarter. We Shall Touch Briefly On Both These Characteristics, ...
Edinburgh
Edinburgh. Important And Interesting As The Scottish Metropolis May Be In Many Particulars, It Is Not In Respect To Manufac Tures Or Commerce That It Appeals To Our No Tice. Its Maritime Commerce Is All Conducted At Leith; While Its Manufactures Of Paper, Types, And Other Commodities, Are Of The ...
Edmund 645 Cartwright
645 Cartwright, Edmund. Around This As A Base The Paper Cylinder Or Case Is Formed And Filled Up With The Proper Charge Of Gunpowder, And Shots Or A Ball As The Case May Be. This Invention Is Intended To Be Used In Conjunction With A Peculiar Mode Of Constructing Muskets ...
Egypt
Egypt. This Remarkable Country Is Pos• Sensed Of Very Little Mineral Treasure. It De Pends More Upon The Alluvial Subsoil Left By The Nile Than Upon The Metal And Stone Found In The Rocks. On The West Of The Nile How Ever, Above The Delta, The Mountain Range Which Bounds ...
Electric Light
Electric Light. Among The Nume Rous Practical Applications Of Electric Power, Nol The Least Curious Is That Of Maintaining A Steady Light For Public Streets. The Scheme Has Not Yet Assumed A Fully Satisfactory Posi Tion ; But It Is Not Improbable That It May Do So Ere Long. In ...
Electrotype
Electrotype. Besides The Larger Works Produced By Electro•metallurgy, Many Exqui Site Copies Of Delicate Works Of Art Are Pro Duced By A Modification Of The Same Process, Called .electrotype. Let The Object To Be Copied Be A Small Bas Relief Of About Six Inches By Four, Executed In A Material ...
Elgin Marbles
Elgin Marbles. Among The Choieest Treasures Of The British Museuni Are The El Gin Marbles, A Collection Of 'indent Sculptures, Chiefly From The Acropolis Of Athens, Whence They Were Obtained By The Earl Of Elgin (who Had Been The English Ambassador To Turkey) Between The Years 1801 And 1812: This ...
Elliptic Compasses
Elliptic Compasses, The Name Given To Any Machine For Describing An Ellipse. A Simple Method Of Forming The Curve Is To Fas Ten A Pin In The Paper At Each Of The Two Foci, And To Attach To The Piris The Opposite Ends Of A Thread Whose Length Is Equal ...
Embankment
Embankment. It Is Often Necessary To Raise Mounds Or Dykes Along The Course Of Rivers To Keep Them Within Their Channels, And Prevent Their Flooding The Lands Which Lie Near Them. Many Parts Of Holland Could Not Be Inhabited If The Sea Were Not Kept Out By Strong Embankments : ...
Embroidery
Embroidery, Is A Mode Of Working De. Vices On Woven Substances. In Some Exam Ples Of This Kind A Rich Effect Is Produced By Inserting Slips Of Parchment Cut To Suit The Devices, Between The Fabric Upon Which The Embroidery Is Executed And The Threads Of Silk Or Other Material ...
Enamels
Enamels And Enamelling. There Exists Evidence That .the Egyptians Practised This Beautiful 'art; But This Cannot Be Affirmed Of The Greeks. The Romans, However, Have Bequeathed Abundant Evidence That They Were Acquainted With The Art, And Practised It 'ex Tensively, At Least In The Time Of The Lower Empire. Enamels ...
Encaustic Painting
Encaustic Painting Is A Kind Of Painting In Which, By Heating Or Burning In, The Colours Were Rendered Permanent In All Their Original Splendour. It Was Not, How Ever Enamelling, But A Mode Of Painting With Heated Or Burnt Wax, Which Was Practised By The Ancients. Pliny Describes Three Modes ...
Engineering
Engineering (from The French Word Engin) Is Properly The Art Of Constructing And Using Engines Or Machines ; But The Term Is Also Applied To That Of Executing Such Works As Are The Objects Of Civil And Military Archi Tecture, In Which Machinery Is In General Ex Tensively Employed. A ...
English Manufactures And Trade
English Manufactures And Trade. We Retain An Entry Under This Heading, Simply To Explain How The Subjects Of English Manufactures And Trade Are Treated In The Present Volume. All The Principal Sub Stances Employed In The Arts, Organic Or Inor Ganic, Are Briefly Described Under Their Proper Headings, The Commercial ...
Engraving
Engraving. From The Book Of Eiodus We Learn That When Moses Had Liberated The Jeivs From Egyptian Bondage, He Was Coni =tided To Make A Plate Of Pure Geld, And Grave Upon It, Like The Engravings Of A Signet, Holiness To The Lord: He Was Also Com Manded K To ...
Envelopes
Envelopes. Before The Introduction Of The Penny Postage, The Number Of Written Letters Put Into Envelopes Was Comparatively Small ; But Since That Period The Use Of Enve Lopes Has Increased To An Astonishing Extent. The Cutting Out Has Been For Some Years Per Formed By Machinery ; But The ...
Erfurt
Erfurt Is A Busy Province Or Government Of Prussian Saxony. The Chief Products Are Grain, Flax, Tobacco, Hops, Oil, And Salt. Great Numbers Of Horses, Horned Cattle, Sheep, Goats, And Swine Are Reared. In The Circles Of Weissensee And Schleusingen There Are Mines Of Iron, Lead, And Copper. Marble And ...
Ergot
Ergot Is Name Bestowed Upon A Pecu Liar State Of The Seed Of Several Cereal Grains, But Most Frequently Of The Rye, Which Resem Bles A Simi) Or Horn ; Hence, Likewise, Termed Secale Coinutuni, Or Spurred Rye. The Spur Is Of Variable Length, From A Fraction Of An Inch ...
Essex
Essex Is Almost Entirely An Agricultural County. The Feeding Of Oxen In Winter Is Now Extensively Practised By All Good Farmers In Essex, Whether Of Strong Or Light Barns. In Those Farms Which Have Marshes Attached To Them A Great Number Of Cattle Is Constantly Kept. Along The Thames The ...
Ether
"ether (awip), A Greek Word, Now Used To Signify A Highly Volatile, Penetrating, And Combustible Fluid, Several Kinds Of Which May Be Produced By The Action Of Different Acids Upon Spirit Of Wine, Or Alcohol. Sulphuric, Phosphoric, Arsenic, Fluoluoric, Chloric, Muri Atic, Nitric, Silicic, Acetic, Benzoic, Citric, Gallic, Oxalic, And ...
Eudiometer
Eudio'meter, An Instrument Invented By Dr. Priestley, And Originally Employed By Him In Ascertaining The Goodness Of Atmo Spheric Air Obtained From Various Places And , Under Different Circumstances. The Use Of The Eudiometer, Termed Audiometry, Has, Since Its Original Contrivance, Been Extended To All Gaseous Mixtures, But Especially To ...
Europe
Europe. All The Countries Of Europe Are Briefly Noticed In Ether Parts Of This Vo Lume, In Respect To Their Products, Manufac Turing Industry, And Commerce. We Will Here Give, Therefore, Simply A Few Statistical Details, Covenient For Reference. Europe Has An Area Of About 3,900,000 Square Miles. This Area ...