TURES; while the chief working materials are adverted to under Baum, CoLouns, CRAYONS, Om CoLotrits, PENCILS, and the names of the chief colouring substances.
In respect to house-painting, it is executed either in oil or distemper. In oil the principal tools employed are brushes, made of hogs' bristles for large surfaces, and sash tools made of finer hair for small work, as mouldings, window-bars, &c. White lead is used for white colour ; it is also the basis of all ordinary colours. The colouring substances in general use are earths, umber, ochre, Siena, Venetian red, purple, brown, &c. The first three are sometimes burnt, a process which reddens and darkens them. Metallic compounds are red lead, vermillion, Prussian blue, chrome yellow, verdigris, Brunswick green, verditer, &c., &c. Animal and vegetable colours are lakes, indigo, ivory black, and lamp-black. The liquids in use are linseed oil (sometimes boiled with litharge to render it drying, and hence called boiled oil), and oil or spirits of turpentine, called turps. These are combined for use in
various proportions, according to circum stances: when the paint is required to bear a gloss, or is intended for outside work, most oil is used; and for black, chocolate colour, green, &c., outside, boiled oil alone, or with a very little turps, is best. For flatting, which has no gloss, turps alone is requisite. To all paint a little sugar of lead, or litharge, is added to make it dry quickly.
In painting in distemper, the brushes for large surfaces differ from those used in oil : they are wider and flatter, and are termed dis temper-brushes; but the tools for small work are similar. Whiting takes the same place in this branch that white lead holds in oil ; the colouring substances are similar, but ground in water, and the fluids are water and melted size.