Other instrumentalities of commerce held to be public uses are, pipe lines for the trans portation of oil or natural gas ; W. Va. Transp. Co. v. Coal Co., 5 W. Va. 382 ; City of La Harpe v. Power Co., 69 Kan. 97, 76 Pac. 448; City of Rushville v. Gas Co., 132 Ind. 575, 28 N. E. 853, 15 L. R. A. 321; Charleston Nat. Gap Co. v. Lowe, 52 W. Va. 662, 44 S. E. 410; dams for booms used in logging; Patterson v. Boom Co., 3 Dill 465, Fed. Cas. No. 10,829 ; Lawler v. Baring Boom Co., 56 Me. 443; Schoff v. Imp. Co., 57 N. H. 110; Maffet v. Quine, 93 Fed. 347; contra, Brews ter v. Rogers Co., 169 N. Y. 73, 62 N. E. 164, 58 L. R. A. 495 ; Matthews v. Mfg. Co., 35 Wash. 662, 77 Pac. 1046 ; see also Mississippi & R. R. Boom Co. v. Patterson, 98 U. S. 403, 25 L. Ed. 206 ; Weaver v. Boom Co., 28 Minn. 534, 11 N. W. 114 ; Appeal of Bennett's Branch Imp. Co., 65 Pa. 242 ; a flume for the transportation of lumber ; Dallas Lumbering Co. v. Urquhart, 16 Or. 67, 19 Pac. As to the condemnation of land to facilitate mining operations thei, is a conflict of deci sions. In some of the states the courts have refused to permit it; Amador Queen Min. Co. v. Dewitt, 73 Cal. 482, 15 Pac. 74 ; Ap peal of Waddell, 84 Pa. 90; Woodruff v. Min. Co., 18 Fed. 753 ; while in others they have considered it justifiable on the ground of public utility ; Hand' Gold Min. Co. v. Parker, 59 Ga. 419 ; Overman Silver Min. Co. v. Corcoran, 15 Nev. 147; and the owner of a mine may have land condemned for a railroad for the transportation of the products of his mine to the nearest thorough fare by rail or water, provided such a rail way shall be free to all who wish to use it ; Hays v. Risher, 32 Pa. 169 ; Hibernia Un derground R. 'Co. v. De Camp, 47 N. J. L. 518, 4 Atl. 318, 54 Am. Rep. 197; New Cen tral Coal Co. v. Coal & Iron Co., 37 Md. 537; Colorado E. R. Co. v. R. Co., 41 Fed. 294; and this latter provision will be implied from the statute authorizing the condemnation ; Phillips v. Watson, 63 Ia. 28, 18 N. W. 659 ; but it has been held that a mine-owner can not condemn land solely for the transporta tion of his own products ; Appeal of Stewart, 56 Pa. 413 ; Appeal of McCandless, 70 Pa. 210 ; Sholl v. Coal Co., 118 Ill. 427, 10 N. E. 199, 59 Am. Rep. 379 ; State v. R. Co., 40 Ohio St. 504 ; or to take water to the mines ; Lorenz v. Jacob, 63 Cal. 73.
The right to condemn .land for mill sites has been frequently granted ; Hankins v. Laurence, 8 Blackf. (Ind.) 266; Harding v. Goodlett, 3 Yerg. (Tenn.) 41, 24 Am. Dec. 546; Boston & R. Mill Dam: Corp. v. New man, 12 Pick. (Mass.) 467, 23 Am. Dec. 622; Inhabitants of Andover v: Sutton, 12 Mete. (Mass.) 182; Tyler v. Beecher, 44 Vt. 648, 8 Am. Rep. 398; Olmstead v. Camp, 33 Conn. 532, 89 Am. Dec. 221. In the last case it was urged that it was against public poli cy to allow such great agencies as streams capable of propelling machinery to go to waste, and that to utilize such power, even for the erection of private mills, promotes the wealth of the state and is of incidental benefit to the •people. But although courts have recognized this right to a certain ex tent; Holyoke Co. v. Lyman, 15 Wall. (U. S.) 500, 21 L. Ed. 133, it has been with re luctance' and it will not now probably be sustained ; Mills, Em. Dom. § 15 ; it has been doubted; Powers v. Bears, 12 Wis. 213, 78 Am. Dee. 733 ; and by some denied; Jordan v. Woodward, 40 Me. 317; Hay v. Cohoes Co., 3 Barb. (N. Y.) 42; Sadler v. Langham, 34 Ala. 311; Ryerson v. Brown, 35 Mich. 333, 24 Am. Rep. 564 ; in which, after reviewing the authorities, Judge Cooley holds the question not one of necessity but of comparative cost.
A general statute, delegating to individuals the power to condemn land and locate mills, was held unconstitutional ; Loughbridge v. Harris, 42 Ga. 500. See generally as to the exercise of the power in aid of private en , terprises, including mining, mills, etc., in cluding an historical review of the cases, Nichols, Em. Dom. ch. xliv, §§ 236-254.
A railroad is a public use ; Cherokee Na tion v. Ry. Co., 135 U. S. 641, 10 .Sup. Ct. 965, 34 L. Ed. 295 ; Whiteman's Ex'x v. R. Co., 2 Herring. (Del.) 514, 33 Am. Dee. 411 ; Swan v. Williama, 2 Mich. 427; In re Long Island R. Co., 143 N. Y. 67, 37 N. E. 636 ; even where used for freight only ; State v. R. Co., 47 N. J: L. 43; so also are all appur tenances essential to the reasonable, conveni ent, and proper construction, maintenance, and operation of the road, such as yard room ; Eldridge v. Smith, 34 Vt. 484 ; and terminals ; Spofford v. R. Co., 66 Me. 26 ; turnouts, engine-houses, depots, shops, turn tables ; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Wilson, 17 Ill. 123 ; Giesy v. R. Co., 4 Ohio St. 308 ; and repair shops, stock-yards ; Covington Stock-Yards Co. v. Keith, 139 U. S. 128, 11 Sup. Ct. 469, 35 L. Ed. 73 ; Hannibal & St. J. R. Co. v. Muder, 49 Mo. 165 ; paint-shop, lumber, and timber sheds ; Low v. R. Co., 18 Ill. 324 ; wharves ; In re New York Cent. & H. R. Co., 77 N. Y. 248 ; a place of deposit for waste earth; Lodge v. R. Co., 8 Phila. (Pa.) 345; but not shops for manufacturing new rolling stock ; New York & H. R. Co. v. Kip, 46 N. Y. 546, 7 Am. Rep. 385; or tene ment houses for employes ; id.; State v. Com missioners of Mansfield, Tp., 23 N. J. L. 510, 57 Am. Dec. 409; as to an ordinary ware house, it was doubted; 'Cumberland Val. R. Co. v. McLanahan, 59 Pa. 23; but a build ing for handling freight was not a mere warehouse ; In re New York Cent. & H. R. R. Co., 77 N. Y. 248; so land for a track to an elevator could be taken; Clarke v. Blackmer, 47 N. Y. 150; but not for a railroad con structed solely to convey passengers to see the Niagara River and whirlpool for revenue to a private person ; In re Niagara Falls & Whirlpool R. Co., 108 N. Y. 375, 15 N. E. 429. See Lewis, Em. Dom. § 170 ; Rand. Em. Dom. § 45.
Having obtained its franchises and right of way subject to the right of the state to extend public streets and highways across its track, a railway company is not entitled to compensation for interruption of its busi ness, or increased expense or risk involved in the construction of such highway; Bos ton & M. R. Co. v. County Com'rs, 79 Me. 386, 10 Atl. 113 ; Lake Shore & M. S. Ry. Co. v. City of Chicago, 148 Ill. 509, 37 N. E. 88. Legislative authority to construct streets and highways across such right of way does not violate the constitutional prohibition against taking private property for public use without compensation ; Albany N. R. Co. v. Brownell, 24 N. Y. 345 ; People v. R. Co., 156 N. Y. 570, 51 N. E. 312; Rochester & H. V. R. Co. v. City of Rochester, 163 N. Y. 608, 57 N. E. 1123. But the company is entitled to compensation • under such circumstances and its right is considered property ; Hook v. R. Co., 133 Mo. 314, 34 S. W. 549 ; New York & L. B. R. Co. v. Capner, 49 N. J. L. 555, 9 All. 781; Kansas Cent. R. Co. v. Com missioners of Jackson County, 45 Kan. 716, 26 Pac. 394; Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. Highway Com'rs of Town of Mattoon, 161 III. 247, 43 N. E. 1100 ; St. Louis S. W. Ry. Co. v. Roy all,-75 Ark. 530, 88 S. W. 555; Louisville & N. R. R. Co. v. City of Louisville, 131 Ky. 108; 114 S. W. 743, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1213.