MONUMENTS. Permanent landmarks es tablished for the purpose of indicating bound aries.
Monument's may be either natural or arts ficial objects : as, rivers, known streams, springs, or marked trees ; Preston v. Bowmar, 6 Wheat. (U. S.) 582, 5 L. Ed. 336 ; Rix v. Johnson, 5 N. H. 524, 22 Am. Dec. 472 ; Shep herd v. Nave, 125 Ind. 226, 25 N. E. 220. Eyen posts set up at the corners; Alshire's Lessee v. Hulse, 5 Ohio 534 ; and a clearing ; Jackson v. Widget., 7 Cow. (N. Y.) 723; are considered as monuments. But see Reed v. Shenck, 14 N. C. 75.
When monuments are established, they must govern, although neither courses nor distances nor computed contents correspond ; Ely v. L. S., 171 Ti. S. 220, 18 Sup. Ct. 840, 43 L. Ed. 142 ; Preston v. 'Bowmar, 6 Wheat. (U. S.) 582, 5 L. Ed. 336; Watrous v. Mor rison, 33 Fla. 261, 14 South. 805, 39 Am. St.• Rep. 139 ; England v. Vandermark, 147 Ill. 76, 35 N. E. 465 ; Smith v. Improvement Co., 117 Mo. 438, 22 S. W. 1083 ; Anderson v. Richardson, 92 Cal. 623, 28 Pac. 679 ; Yanish v. Tarbox, 49 Minn. 268, 51 N. W. 1051;
Whitehead v. Ragan, 106 Mo. 231, 17 S. W. 307; McCullough v. Improvement Co., 48 N. J. Eq. 170, 21 Atl. 481; 1 Washb. B. P. 406. Their location may be proved where lost ; Resurrection Gold Min. Co. v. Mining Co., 129 Fed. 668, 64 C. C. A. 180.
A monument established by the govern ment surveyors as the true corner of sec tions will control courses and distances ; Brown v. Morrill, 91 Mich. 29, 51 N. W. 700; Ogilvie v. Copeland, 145 Ill. 98, 33 N. E. 1085. See BOUNDARY.
In Mexican grants, while monuments con trol courses and distances, and courses and distances control quantity, yet where there is uncertainty in specific description, the quantity named may be of decisive weight and necessarily is so if the intention to con vey only so much and no more is plain ; Ainsa v. U. S., 161 U. S. 208, 16 Sup. Ct. 544, 40 L. Ed. 673; Ely v. U. S., 171 U. S. 220, 18 Sup. Ct. 840, 43 L. Ed. 142.
See METES AND BOUNDS.