Among conclusive presumptions may be reckoned estoppels by deed, see ESTOPPELS ; solemn admissions, of parties and unsolemn admissions which have been acted on ; 1 Camp. 139; Simmons v. Bradford, 15 Mass. 82 ; see AnmissioNs; 1 Greenl. Ev. § 205; that a sheriff's return is correct as to facts stated therein as between the parties; Sim mons v. Bradford, 15 Mass. 82; that an in fant under the age of seven years is inca pable of committing a felony ; 4 Bla. Com. 23 ; see Heilman v. Com., 84 Ky. 457, 1 S. W. 731, 4 Am. St. Rep. 207; that a boy under fourteen is incapable of committing a rape; 7 C. & P. 582 ; contra, Wagoner 'v. State, 5 Lea (Tenn.) 352, 40 Am. Rep. 36; Heilman v. Com., 84 Ky. 457, 1 S. W. 731, 4 Am. St. Rep. 207 ; that children born in wedlock are legit imate; Phillips v. Allen, 2 Allen (Mass.) 453 ; Illinois Land & L. Co. v. Bonner, 75 Ill. 315; In re Romero, 75 Cal. 379, 17 Pac. 434; at least where the husband might have had access and though the infidelity of the wife be proved ; 3 C. & P. 215; 5 Cl. & F. 163 ; and positive proof of non-access is re quired to rebut the presumption ; Pittsford v. Chittenden, 58 Vt. 49, 3 Atl. 323; Scott v. Hillenberg, 85 Va. 245, 7 S. E. 377; and it cannot be proved by the wife; Mink y. State, 60 Wis. 583, 19 N. W. 445, 50 Am. Rep. 386; that despatches of an enemy carried in a neutral vessel between two hostile ports are hostile ; 6 C. Rob. 440; that all persons sub ject to any law which has been duly pro mulgated, or which derives its validity from general or immemorial custom, are acquaint ed with its provisions ; 4 Bla. Com. 27; 1 Co. 177; 2 id. 3 b; 6 id. 54 a.
Among rebuttable presumptions may be reckoned the presumptions that a man is in nocent of the commission of a crime; Steph. Ev. 97; see Com. v. Hawkins, 3 Gray (Mass.) 465; 4 B. & C. 247; Long v. State, 23 Neb. 33, 36 N. W. 310; that the possessor of prop erty is its owner ; Magee v. Scott, 9 Cush. (Mass.) 150, 55 Am. Dec. 49 ; Mayor, etc., of New York v. Carleton, 113 N. Y. 284, 21 N. E. 55 ; Drummond v. Hopper, 4 Harring. , (Del.) that buildings belong to the owner of the land on which they stand; Kinkead v. U. S., 150 U. S. 483, 14 Sup. Ct. 172, 37 L. Ed. 1152; that possession of real property accompanies ownership ; Gonzales v. Ross, 120 U. S. 605, 7 Sup. Ct. 705, 30 L. Ed. 801; that possession of the fruits of crime is guilty possession ; 2 C. & P. 359; State v. Merrick, 19 Me. 398; People v. Wel don, 111 N. Y. 569, 19 N. E. 279; Bryant v. State, 25 Tex. App. 751, 8 S. W. 937; that things usually done in the course of trade have been done; 8 C. B. 827; Garlock v. Geortner, 7 Wend. (N. Y.) 198; Weidner v. Schweigart, 9 S. & R. (Pa.) 385; and in the usual and ordinary way ; Allen v. Logan, 96 Mo. 591, 10 S. W. 149 ; that solemn instru ments are duly ewecuted; 9 C. & P. 570; White v. Perley, 15 Me. 470; New-Haven Co. Bk. v. Mitchell, 15 Conn. 206; that a person,
relation, or state of things once shown to exist continues to exist, as, life; Conard v. Ins. Co., 1 Pet. (U. S.) 452, 7 L. Ed. 189 ; see DEATH; a partnership; 1 Stark. 405; insanity; 3 Bro. C. C. 443; Perkins v. Perkins, 39 N. H. 163; Jackson v. Van Dusen, 5 Johns. (N. Y.) 144; 4 Am. Dec. 330; State v. Potts, 100 N. C. 457, 6 S. E. 657 ; but not that it existed previous ly to the time shown ; W. F. Corbin & Co. v. U. S., 181 Fed. 296, 104 C. C. A. 278; that official acts have been properly performed; Wallace v. Maxwell, 1 J. J. Marsh. (Ky.) 447; Hilts v. Colvin, 14 Johns. (N. Y.) 182; Hanson v. Barnes' Lessee, 3 Gill & J. (Md.) 359, 22 Am. Dec. 322 ; Gonzales v. Ross, 120 U. S. 605, 7 Sup. Ct. 705, 30 L. Ed. 801; but see Befay v. Wheeler, 84 Wis. 135, 53 N. W. 1121; that a public officer has done his duty; Erhardt v. Bailin, 150 Fed. 529, 80 C. C. A. 271; Houseman v. Nay. Co., 214 Pa. 562, 64 Atl. 37•; that statutes of other states are the same as those of the state in which the court is sitting ; Bagwell v. McTighe, 85 Tenn. 616, 4 S. W. 46; Mortimer v. Marder, 93 Cal. 172, 28 Pac. 814; but see Thorn v. Weatherly, 50 Ark. 237, 7 S. W. 33; that a mature male has normal powers of virility ; Gardner v. State, 81 Ga. 144, 7 S. E. 144; that a child was born in lawful wedlock ; Ortbwein v. Thomas, 127 Ill. 554, 21 N. E. 430, 4 L. R. A. 434, 11 Am. St. Rep. 159; that a person has testamentary capacity; McCoon v. Allen, 45 N. J. Eq. 708, 17 Atl. 820 ; that he is sane; Guild v. Hull, 127 Ill. 523, 20 N. E. 665 ; De Witt v. Mattison, 26 Neb. 655, 42 N. W. 742 ; identity of person. is presumed from identity of name; People v. Riley, 75 Cal. 98, 16 Pac. 544; Ward v. Dougherty, 75 Cal. 240, 17 Pac. 193, 7 Am. St. Rep. 151; Wilson v. Holt, 83 Ala. 528, 3 South. 321, 3 Am. St. Rep. 768; homicide committed by means of a deadly weapon, creates a presumption of malice; Brown v. State, 83 Ala. 33, 3 South. 857, 3 Am. St. Rep. 685; State v. 100 N. C. 512, 6 S. E. 420; that a vote is legal; Gumm v. Hubbard, 97 Mo. 311, 11 S. W. 61, 10 Am. St Rep. 312 ; Hahn v. Stinson, 98 N. C. 591, 3 S. E. 490 ; that a letter duly directed and mailed, was received by the person to whom it was directed, in the regular course of mail; Hastings v. Ins. Co., 63 Hun (N. Y.) 624, 17 N. Y Stipp. 333 ; Young v. Clapp, 147 Ill. 176, 32 N. E. 187, 35 N. E. 372, 63 Hun 624.
In the absence of a contrary showing, names of witnesses for an applicant for nat uralization are presumed to have been posted for the time required by law ; U. S. v. Erick son. 188 Fed. 747.
All interstate freight rates established in accordance with law are presumed to be just and reasonable; Hooker v. Interst. Com. Com'n, 188 Fed. 242, reversed Hooker v. Knapp, 225 U. S. 302, 32 Sup. Ct. 769, 56 L. Ed. 1099 (on the ground that the commerce court had no jurisdiction).