Buzzard
Buzzard. Among The Birds Injurious To The Farmer, As Generally Understood, May Be Mentioned Some Of The Buzzards: The Red-tailed Buzzard, Or Hen Hawk Borealis); Har Lan's Buzzard (f. Han•ani), And The Broad-winged Buzzard, Or Broad-winged Hawk, (f. Pennsylvan Ieus); The Large-footed Hawk (f. Peregrinus); The Sharp-shinned Hawk (f Pumas) ...
C H I Cc
C H I Cc Ory. This Plant, Also Called Succory And Wild Endive (c. ?ntylms), Is A Naturalized Foreigner, And, Being Hardy, Where It Gets Hold Is A Troublesome Weed. C. Endivia, In Europe, Is Esteemed And Used As A Salad Plant, When About A Foot High, The Tops Being ...
Cabbage
Cabbage. Brassica Oleracea Capitata. Of The Various Classes Of Culinary Vegetables The Cabbage Family (brassica) Is Most Ancient, As Well As Most Extensive, Being Cultivated In All Quarters Of The Globe From The Torrid Zone To The Arctic Circle. Of The 1,000 Species Enumer Ated By Dr. Lindley, All Are ...
Cabbage Butterfly
Cabbage Butterfly. There Are Va Rious Butterflies Infesting The Cabbage. Until The European Form (pieris Rapce)• Was Introduced, However, But Little Difficulty Was Experienced In Keeping Them In Check We Give An Illustration Of The Southern Species Of Larva And Caterpillar (p. Protodice). Dr. Riley Says, P. Vernalis Is But ...
Cactus
Cactus. A Tribe Of Fleshy Plants, Some Of Which Are Cultivated For Their Splendid Flowers, And Pleasant Acid Fruits, The Whole Family Be Ing Curious In Their Habit Of Growth. There Are Several Species Of Cactus, The Principal In Cultiva Tion Being Genus, Echinocactus, Mammillaria, And Opuntia. The Well Known ...
Calcimining And Painting
Calcimining And Painting. Calcimining. In Calcimining, A Great Deal De Pends On The Condition Of The Walls. If They Are Smoked, They Should Be Thoroughly Washed. If They Are Spongy, Or Very Dry, And Soak Up Too Freely, They Should Be Coated, With A Size Made Of Glue And Common ...
Calf
Calf. The Word Signifies To Throw Out Or Vomit, Thus The Groove Made In Sawing, Is Called The Saw-calf Or Carf. It Also Signifies A Protuber Ance, As The Calf Of The Leg—the Swell Of The Mus Cles Between The Ankle And Knee. It Is Among Animals Applied To The ...
Canadian Pont
Canadian Pont. The Canadian Pony Is Distinct In Many Characteristics And Was, Un Doubt Edly, Originally Derived From The French Horses Brought Over To Canada In Its Earliest Settle Ment Dwarfed By Generations Of Exposure And Semi-wildness, And Subsequently Crossed Upon Various Stocks Of Horses Hfiroduced Into Canada, These Nervous ...
Cankerworm
Cankerworm. The Moth From Which This Destructive Worm Is Produced Belongs To The Genus Anisopteryx, So Named From The Fact That In Some Species The Sexes Are Very Unequal In Size, And In Others The Females Are Wingless. This Is The Case With The Canker-worm. The Cuts Repre Sent The ...
Cantharides
Cantharides. The Genus Melee Is Men Tioned By Kirby As Apparently Forming A Con Necting Link Between The Coleoptera And Orthop Tera, As Having The Head Vertical, And The Elytra Lapping At The Base. Dr. Le Baron Says, The Re Semblance Is Very Remote. The Ge _ _ Nus Lytta, ...
Carbon
Carbon. Carbon Is One Of The Most Common, As It Is One Of The Most Important Substances In Nature, Occurring In A Great Variety Of Forms, In The Animal, Vegetable And Mineral Kingdoms. In Both The Vegetable And Animal Kingdoms It Is The Most Considerable Element. Charcoal May Be Con ...
Carrot
Carrot. This Esculent Root, (dances Carota) Is A Half Hardy Biennial In The North, And Is Said To Be Indigenous To Some Parts Of Great Britain. Wild, It Is Of No Value; As A Cultivated Plant, It Is Used In Various Ways For The Table, And Is One Of The ...
Cash Boor
Cash Boor. In This Book Everything Spent For The Benefit Of The Farm Is Charged To As Debtor, And Every Thing Sold, Being The Produce Of The Farm, Is Credited To It Instead Of Using The Owner's Name. Reference To The Journal Must Show How And Why The Expenditure Was ...
Castor Oil Bean
Castor-oil Bean. Ricinus Communes, Sometimes Called Palma Christi, From Tim Shape Of Its Leaves. In The Tropics This Plant Attains An Immense Size And Lives For Years. In Texas It Strongly Shows This Perennial Tendency. It, Is Cultivated For Its Seeds, From Which Is Expressed The Well-known Castor Oil Of ...
Catalpa
Catalpa. Of This Most Valuable Timber And Ornamental Tree There Are Two Varieties, Ca Talpa /bignonioides And C. Speciosa, Both North American Species Of Excellence, Although The Variety Ispeciosa Was Discovered And Named Many Years Ago By Dr. Warder. The Two Species, Until Within The Last Few Years, Have, Even ...
Caterpillar
Caterpillar. Caterpillars Are The Young Or Lame Of Butterflies And Moths, And Being All Vegetable Eaters And Extremely Voracious, Inferior Only To Locusts And Grasshoppers, May Be Classed As Among The Most Destructive Of Insects To Vegetation. They Are Found Everywhere, In Every Climate Where Vegetation Exists, And Are Exceedingly ...
Cattl
Cattl In The United States The Term Cat Tle Is Usually Applied To The Ox Species, Though Sometimes To All Hofned Animals. In England They Are Termed Neat Cattle. In A Primary Sense However, The Term Cattle Included Not Only Horned Animals, But Horses And Asses And, It Has Been ...
Cauliflower
Cauliflower. (brassica Olerctcea Ear.) Unlike The Cabbage, Cauliflower And Broccoli Are Strictly 'annual Plants, Flowering And Perfecting Their Seeds The First Season. In Fact Broccoli Is Some Of Its Varieties, Is So Like Cauliflower That, As To The Cultivation, No Separate Article Will Be Required. So, The General Care And ...
Celery
Celery. (apium Graveolens). This Much Cultivated Plant Is A Half Hardy Biennial, Being Killed At About 20° Below Freezing. It Is Found Wild And Growing Near The Sea, And On The Sides Of Ditches In England. It Is Esteemed When Cultivated For Its Solid Blanched Leaf Stalks. For The Early ...
Cellars
Cellars. In All Farm-houses The Cellar Is Of Special Importance. There Are So Many Things To Be Kept From Freezing In Winter, And, Cool In Summer, That No Expense Should Be Spared In Making This Part Of The Farm-house As Complete As Possible. When Sufficient Depth Can Not Be Had ...
Cellulose
Cellulose. Cellulose Is One Of The Most Important Of The Organic Substances Of Animals And Plants. The Group, Or The Amyloids Comprise Cellulose, Starch, Inulin, Dextrine, . Gum, Cane Sugar, Fruit-sugar, And Grape-sugar. This Group, In Some Form, Comprises The Larger Part, Esti Mated At Seven-eighths Of All The Dry ...
Charcoal
Charcoal. Any Vegetable Matter Burned In A Pit, Or Other Place Without Free Access To Air, Is Converted Into Charcoal. It Is Usually Burned As Follows : Logs Or Billets Of Wood Are Piled Either Horizontally Or Vertically Into A Dome-shaped Mass, A Chimney Being Left In The Centre About ...
Cheese
Cheese. A Product Of The Dairy, Obtained From The Curd Of Milk. (see Caseine.) The Analysis Of Cheese Shows It To Be One Of The Most Nourishing Of Foods. Its Manufacture From Milk Has Of Late Years Been Reduced To A Science, Many Of The Best Minds In The Country ...
Cherry
Cherry. Prunue Cerasus. The Cherry Of Horticulturists Was Said To Have Been Brought From Ceresus, A City In Pontus, To Italy, After The Defeat Of Mithridates, By Lucullus. About One Hundred And Twenty Years Afterwards, Or In A.d. 55, It Was Taken To Britain By The Romans. A Fruit Universally ...
Chess
Chess. Bromus. Brome-grass. Dr. Dar Lington, In Weeds And Useful Plants, Carefully And Tersely Describes This Pest Of Our Winter Wheat Fields, And Also Controverts The Popular Idea Of Transmutation. We Know Some Other Wise Intelligent Men, Who Still Believe That Wheat Will Turn To Chess, Nay, That Oats Will ...
Chester White Swine
Chester White Swine. The Chester County, Or Chester White Hogs, Originated In Chester County, Penn., Sometime In 1818, Through The Introduction Of A Pair Of Pigs Said To Have Been Brought There, From Bedfordshire, England, By A Sea Captain, James Jeffries. These Were Bred, And Crossed Upon The Best White ...
Chestnut
Chestnut. Cast.inea Americana. This Most Valuable Timber And Ornamental Tree Has A Wide Range, Being Found From Maine To Michigan And South. In The States West Of Lake Michigan It Is Not Indigenous, Neither Is It Found, We Be Jeve, Unless Planted, West Of The Mississippi River, Either South Or ...
Chinch Bug
Chinch Bug. Afkropus Leucopterus. This Bug, When Favorable Seasons Allow It To Increase Largely, Is One Of The Most Destructive Of Noxious Insects. The Wheat Midge, The Grain Plant Louse, The Hessian Fly, Destructive As They Are In Particular Seasons, Are, All Combined, Not To Be So Dreaded As This ...
Chocolate
Chocolate. From The Fact That The Pre Paration Called Chocolate, A Product Of The Nut Of The Chocolate Tree (theobroma Cacao), Is Now Extensively Used, Makes It Deserving Of More Than A Passing Notice. Its Name, Theobroma (food Of The Gods), Was Given By Linnmus, Who Was Excessively Fond Of ...
Choke
Choke. There Are Two Forms Of Choke—the High And Low Choke. The High Choke Is The Most Quickly Fatal Unless Relieved. The Cause Is Some Substance Lodged In The Throat, As An Apple, Potato, Etc., In Swallowing. Some Stable-keepers Foolishly Put An Egg Down The Throat Of A Horse, Out ...
Cholera Of Swine
Cholera Of Swine. There Are Many Forms Of Malignant Disease That Go Under The Name Of Hog Cholera. Three Different Forms Of Disease, However, Are Popularly Included Under This Name : Charbon Or Malignant Anthrax, Con Tagious Pleuro-enteritis, And Epizootic Catarrh. The First Is Destructive To Cattle, As Well As ...
Churning
Churning. The Improvement In The Man Ufacture Of Butter Within The Last Few Years, Led To The Invention Of A Great Many Modifica Tions Of The Barrel-churn, Where It Is To Be Pro Pelled By Power. Dairymen Each Have Their Preferences, But As, A Rule, The Revolving Princi Ple Is ...
Cicada
Cicada. Harvest Flies, Incorrectly Called Locusts, Are Not Especially Injurious, Although In Three Stages Of Their Existence, As Larva, Pupa, And In The Perfect Winged State, They Live On The Sap Of Plants. The True Locust, Incorrectly Called Grasshopper, Will Be Treated Under The Name Locust. The Cicada Belongs To ...
Cider
Cider. Cider Is The Juice Of The Apple After It Undergoes The Natural Or Vinous Fermentation. Sweet Cider Is That Fresh From The Press And Which Has Undergone Only A Slight Fermentation. Good Cider Is Only Made From Sound, Ripe Apples, And Its Use And Manufacture Has Been Known Ever ...
Circulation Of The Sap
Circulation Of The Sap. The Circula Tion Of The Sap In Plants Was, Until Within A Few Years Past, A Source Of Wonderment, And Various Theories, Some Of Them Ridiculous Enough, Were Advanced By Learned (?) Men Of The Scholastic Class. Even Now, Comparatively Little Is Posi Tively Known As ...
Cisterns
Cisterns. In All Countries Subject To A Lack Of Water At Certain Seasons Of The Year, Resort Is Had To Cisterns Or Tanks For Holding A Supply. Few Persons Appreciate The Large Amount Of Water Which May Be Supplied By The Roofs Of Ordinary Farm Buildings, For Family And Stock ...
Clay
Clay. The General Name, Clay, Is Commonly Applied To All Tenacious Sub-soils Of A Homogene Ous Nature. The Name Signifies Viscous, Or Sticky. Pure Clay Is A Mixture Of Silex (of Which Quartz, Flint, And Most Sand And Sand-stones Are Composed) And Alumina—this Latter Being Com Posed Of The Metal ...
Cleveland Bay Horse
Cleveland Bay Horse. From Remote Times The Cleveland And The Vale Of Pickering, In The East Riding Of Yorkshire, Have Been Cele Brated For Their Breeds Of Horses, Adapted To Gen Eral Work, Hunting, Carriage Horses, And All That Class Of Labor Requiring Style, A Good Turn Of Speed, And ...
Climate
Climate. Climate Affects The Agriculturist, So Far As The Product Of The Soil Is Concerned, In An Important Degree; Heat, Rainfall, Humidity, Air Currents, All Operating For Or Against The Fertility Of The Soil. The Principal Points Collected From A Variety Of Sources, As Relating To The United States Generally, ...
Clover
Clover. Trifolium. Of The True Clovers The Principal Varieties Are, The Common Meadow Clover; Mammoth, Sometimes Called Vine Clover; Medium Clover Or Zigzag Clover; Alsike Clover Or Swedish Clover, And Whiteor Dutch Clover. Other Varieties Of Inferior Merit, Or Else Worthless, Are Stone Clover Or Rabbit-foot, Arvense); Buffalo Clover, (t. ...
Cochin China Fowls
Cochin China Fowls. The Introduc Tion Of These Fowls Into England Dates Back To 1843, And Soon After That Date, They Were Intro Duced Into The United States. As An Indication Of The Admirable Qualities Of These Fowls, It Will Only Be Necessary To Give The Principal Varieties Into Which ...
Cockroach
Cockroach. Of The Cockroaches, The Most Common And The Most Destructive Species, In This Country, Is The Oriental Cockroach. This Insect Is Said To Have Been Introduced From Asia Into Europe, And From Europe Into America, And It Is Presumed That There Is Not Now A Maritime Nation In The ...
Coffee
Coffee. This Is An Important Plant In The Agrichlture Of , Many Intertropical Countries. The Coffee Plant' Has Been Lately Introduced Into The United States Under The Erroneous Supposition That It Might Be Acclimated, Which Is, Of Course, Destined To Result In Failure. It Is Probable That The Plant May ...
Cohesion
Cohesion. The Force Which Binds Together Similar Particles. The Strain Which Any Wood - Or Metal Bears Is A Measure Of Its Cohesion. The Following Is A Tabular View Of The Absolute Cohe Sion Of Timber Employed In Building And Carpen Try, Showing The Load Which Would Rend A Prism ...
Colic
Colic. An Irritation Of The Stomach Or Intes Tines Produced By Various Causes, Inducing Pain And Griping; Mild Cases Are Readily Alleviated By Laudanum In The Human Subject. There Are Two Forms Of Colic, Spasmodic And Flatulent.' In Horses, Spasmodic Colic Sometimes Runs Into Inflamma Tion. Sometimes One Is Mistaken ...
Coniferze
Coniferze. Pinus Bonksiana. Banks' Pine ; Scrub Pine. Wiscon Sin To New England. This Species Is Found From The Northern Parts Of The United States Nearly To The Arctic Ocean, And From Labrador To The Saskatchewan. In Wis Consin It Becomes A Middle-sized Tree, And Is Used For Timber When ...
Conservatory
Conservatory. In Horticulture, A Glazed Structure, In Which Exotic Trees And Shrubs Are Grown In A Bed Or Floor Of Soil. Technically, It Is Distinguished From A Greenhouse By The Plants Being Planted In The Free Soil, And Thus Growing Up From The Floor, While In The Greenhouse The Plants ...
Cooking And Kitchen Art
Cooking And Kitchen Art. Cooking In General. Siuce The Advent Of Cooking Stoves, And Especially Since The Later Improvements In Kitchen Stoves And Ranges, There Is No Reason Why Bad Or Indifferent Cook Ing Should Be The Rule. However Simple The Dishes, (and Expensive Dishes Do Not Constitute Good Living), ...
Corn
Corn. The Subject Of Indian Corn Is Exten Sively Treated On Pages 613 To 617. The Area Planted In 1887 Was Increased More Than 2,000, 000 Acres Over That Of The Previous Year, Or Nearly 78,000,000 Acres. The Disastrous Season Of Drought Reduced This Acreage To 72,398,720 Acres. It Also ...
Cornacee
Cornace.e. Cornus Florida. Flowering Dogwood. Eastern United States. 'phis Is Usually A Small Tree, But Sometimes Acquires A Height Of Forty Or Fifty Feet, And A Diameter Of Trunk Of One And One-half Feet. It Flowers In Spring Before The Full Development Of The Leaves, And Then Presents A Beautiful ...
Corns
Corns. Small Swellings Or Tumors On The Sensitive Sole In,the Triangular Space Between The Bars And The Wall Of The Heel, Generally In The Inside And, Always On The Fore Feet, Are Called Corns. They Are Usually The Effect Of Bad Shoe Ing, But Sometimes Occur From A Bruise Of ...
Cotswold Sheep
Cotswold Sheep. The Cotswold Are An Old English Breed Of Sheep And, As Improved, Rank As Among The Very Best Of The Long Wooled Breeds As They Are Among The Largest. They Began, To Be Imported Into The United States About 1832, Since Which Time They Have Been Generally Dissem ...
Cotton
Cotton. (gossypeumherbaceum.) This, One Of The Most Important Of Agricultural Plants, And Cultivated In Every Civilized And Semi-civilized Country Of The Globe Where It Will Mature, Belongs To The Mallow Family. Botanists Are Uncer Tain As To The Number Of Distinct Species Of This Plant. De Can Dolle Describes Thir ...
Cranberry
Cranberry. The, Cranberry ( Vaceinium) Is A Native Of Bogs In Various Parts Of The United States, North In The Northwest, There Are Vast Tracts Covered With The Vines, Principally In Northern Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin And Min Nesota. The Species Is Highly Valued For Its Grate Ful Acid Fruits, For ...
Cranberry Insects
Cranberry Insects. The Study Of Insects Injurious To The Cranberry, Has Not Been Prosecuted To So Great An Extent By Entomologists, As Have Insects Injurious To Other Crops. This Prob Ably From The Fact, That Until Within A Few Years, The Cranberry Has Not Been Extensively Cultivated, The Principal Dependence ...
Cress
Cress. Peppergrass. Lepidium Sativum. A Hardy Annual, A Native Of Persia. The Leaves Of Cress Are Eaten, When Young, As A Salad, Either Separately Or Mixed With Lettuce Or Other Salad Plants, Thus Imparting Their Warm Pungent Taste. To Cultivate Cress The Soil Should Be Made Very Firm, And The ...
Cricket
Cricket. Achetaa. Crickets Belong To The Jumpers, Which Include Crickets, Grasshop Pers And Locusts. They Are By Far The Most Prolific And Most Destructive Of Orthopterous Insects. There Are A Number Of Varieties, Of Which The Common Black Cricket (acheta Abbre Viata) Is The Most Abundant. Like The Locust, Scarcely ...
Crystalline Lens
Crystalline Lens. The Lens Of The Eye, Which Refracts Light, So As To Produce Clear Vision. It Is Situated Behind The Aqueous Humor. • Cucumber. Alcumis Sativus. This Plant, Although Possessing But Little Nutriment, Is Uni Versally Cultivated, Where It Will Mature In The Open Air, And Is Largely Raised, ...
Cucumber Beetle
Cucumber Beetle. (diabrotica Vittata.) This Insect Is Very Destructive To Young Cucum Ber, Melon, And Squash Vines, And Even To The Blossoms Of The Pear, Cherry, And Apple Trees. The Cucumber Beetle, In May And June, Eats The Bark Of Cucumber And Other Plants, And The Larvae Perforate And Hollow ...
Cupulifere
Cupulifer.e. Quercusmacrocarpa. Bur Oak; Overcup Oak, Western Stares. This Species Is Rare In The Eastern States, But Com Mon In Michigan. Illinoia, Wisconsin, And Minnesota. It Is A Large Tree, And When Growing On Low Ground Assumes A Rounded And Handsome Form. It Has Very Large Acorns, Which Are Usually ...
Curculio
Curculio. Thist,is A Name Given By The Ancient Romans To The Corn Weevil. The Weevils Belonging To The Family Curculionid'ee, Are Short, Thick Beetles, The Antennae Bent Or Elbowed Near The Middle, The First Joint Being Longer, Than The Rest. ,feelers Not Perceptible. They Vary In The Form, Length And ...
Curing Meats
Curing Meats. The Curing Of Meats, By Means Of Salt, Has Been Known From Quite Remote Antiquity. The Simple Use Of Salt As A Preservative Was Not Specially Improved On Until, Within The, Present Century. Since That Time, The Use Of Saltpetre Has Come Into General Use, And Later, Sugar ...
Cut Worms
Cut Worms. (agrotididas.) The Lame Of The May-beetle, The White Grub Worm, And The Lame Of The Click Beetles (wire Worms) Are, In Connection With The True Cut Worms, Very Often Incorrectly Called Cut Worms In,many Parts Of The United States. The True Out Worms Are Smooth Caterpillars, The Larva ...
Cypress
Cypress. Taxoditonz. Of The Varieties Of The Taxodium, Natives Of The United States And Mexico, It Will Only Be Necessary To Mention • The Deciduous Cypress, Or Bald Cypress Of The Southern States, Which Occasionally Is Found Growing As Far As 39° North. It Assumes, Like The Elm, Many Distinct ...
Dairy Buildings
Dairy Buildings. The Adaptation Of Buildings To The Special Wants Of The Farm Is One Of The Departures That Has Gradually Grown Up, And Which, Within The Last Fifteen Or Twenty Years, Has Been So Improved That, Now, Barns And Dairy Houses For The Special Manufacture Of Butter And Cheese, ...