Alcoholic
Alcoholic Liquors.—by "alcoholic Liquors" Is Understood Those Spirituous Drinks Which Aro Obtained By Distillation, Such As Braudy, Whiskey, Rum, &c.: These Only Will Bo Treated Of In The Present Articles. The Spirituous Drinks Which Are The Immediato Products Of Formentation, Such As Beer, Cider, Wine, &c., Will Be Discussed Later ...
Alkalies Fr
Alkalies. (fr., ; Gnu., Alhali.) The Name Alkali, In Its Widest Sense, Is Given To A Large Class Of Compounds Which Possess Certain Distinctive Properties. In Its Most Restricted Sense It Is Applied To Four Substances Only, Viz. Potash, Soda, Lithia, And Ammonia ; And These Four Sub Stances Are ...
Alumina Fr
Alumina. (fr., Alumine ; Ger., Alaunerde.) Formula The Only Oxide Of Aluminium Known, Is A Very Large Constituent Of The Earth's Crust. In Combination With Silica, It Enters Into The Composition Of All Slatey And Clayey Earths, And Of Many Rocks, Minerals, And Shales. It Is Seldom Found In The ...
Alumna Mordants
Alumna Mordants. — Alum, Known Also As Rock-alum, Roach-alum, Is Probably The Most Ancient And The Most Widely-used Mordant. It Is A Double Sulphate Of Potassium And Aluminium (potash-alum), Or Of Ammonium And Aluminium (ammonia-alum). For Most Purposes, These Two Kinds Differ Little In Value And Utility, Ammonia-alum Containing A ...
Amalgams
Amalgams. (fn. Amaigame J Ger., Amalgam.)—mercury Unites With A Larc-,e Number Of Metals, Forming Definite Chemical Compounds Called " Amalgams." Some Of These Are Solid, While Others Exist In A Fluid State. It Is Probable, However, That Fluid Amalgams Merely Represent A Solution In Excess Of Mercury Of Some Fixed ...
Angora Or Mohair
Angora Or Mohair Goat.—this Useful Animal Is A Native Of The Mountains And Central Plateaux Of Asia Minor. The Characteristics Of' The District Where It Attains Greatest Perfection Are Extreme Dryness Of Climate, An Elevation Averaging 2500 Ft. Above The Sea, And An Abnndant Growth Of Oak (either Trees Or ...
Aniline
Aniline Browns.—the Procesees For The Production Of These Colours Depend Upon The Reducing Action Of Certain Bodies Upon Magenta Or Rosaniline, Or Their Mother-liquors, With Or Without Aniline, Or By Making A Salt Of Aniline React On Magenta At A High Temperature. Levinstein Heats 1 Part Rosaniline With 1 Part ...
Aniline
Aniline Greys.—abers Grey Is Thus Obtained :-2 Lb. Aniline, Boiling At 188° (370° F.), Ia Mixed With 10 Lb. Solution Arsenic Acid (sp. Gr. 1.375), And Heated In A Water Bath Till The Mixture Thickens And Risea. The Vesacl Ia Then Withdrawn From The Fire, A,nd A Little Water Is ...
Aniline_2
Aniline Yellows.-ill 1864, Simpson, Maule, And Nicholson Offered A Yellow Dye Stuff Under The Name Of " Aniline Yellow," Which Is An Oxalate Of The Produet Obtained By The Aetion Of Nitrous Acid On Aniline (ace Amido-azo-benzol). Aniline Is Dissolved In Three Timea Its Weight Of Aleohol, And Nitrous Acid ...
Aniline_3
Aniline Blaok8.—these Are Produced By The Action Of Oxidizing Agenta On Anilines, Genemlly In Contact With The Fabrica To Be Dyed, Though Paste Blacks Are Sent Out By Some Naakers. The Anilinoa Employed In Blacks And Greys For Calico-printing, &e., Generally Contain 60-65 Per Cent. Liquid, Boiling At 180°-185° (356°-365° ...
Aniseed Fr
Aniseed. (fr., Anis ; Ger., Anis.)— The Seed Of The Pimpinella Anisum, An Annual Plant Of The Natural Order Umbelliferce. This Plant Is Characterized By Its Reticulate Fruit And By The Short Duration Of The Stem, Which Is Annual. It Camo Originally From Egypt, And Is Now Largely Cultivated In ...
Aoetate Of Manganese
Manganese, Aoetate Of, May Be Obtained In A Pure State By Crystallization From A Strong Solution Of Carbonate Of Manganese (diagolite) In Aoetio Acid. The Crystals Are Stable In The Air At Ordinary Temperatures, Soluble In Three Times Their Weight Of Cold Water, And In Alcohol. Upon A Large Scale ...
Applications Or
Applications Or Peotography.—a Number Of The Ordinary Applications Of Photography Have Already Been Incidentally Noticed ; But, In Conclusion, It Is Necessary To Catalogue Other Important Uses To Which Photography Has Been Applied. Its Widest And Most Popular Range Of Usefulness Is Found In Ministering To The Wants Of All ...
Aromatic Vinegar Fr
Aromatic Vinegar. (fr., Tinaigre De Toilette ; Gel, Aromatische Essig.) Acetum Aromaticum.—this Is The Name Given To Various Mixtures Of Aromatic Substances With Strong, Pore Acetic Acid. They Are Prepared Chiefly In France, And In The Following Manner : A Quantity, About 20 Lb., Of Crystals Of Acetate Of Copper, ...
Arsenic Fr
Arsenic. (fr., Arsenic ; Ger., Arsenilc.) Symbol, As. Combining Weight, 75.—arsenic Is An Iron-grey, Brittle Substance, Possessing Metallic Lustre. It Occurs Native, In Veins, In Crystalline Rocks, And The Older Schists. It Is Found In This Country As The Oxide And Sulphides, In Association With Ores Of Tin And Copper, ...
Arsenious Acid
Arsenious Acid. (fa., Eleide Arsenieux ; Ger., Arsenii:siiire.) Formula A:4,0,. Arsenious Acid, Commonly Called Arsenic, Or White Arsenic, Is Usually Met With In The Form Of A White Powder Resembling Flour, Or Of Thick, White, Brittle Masses Which Are Transparent When First Made, But On Exposure To The Air For ...
Artificial
Artificial China-clay.—the Principal Supplies Of China-clay Are Obtained, As Has Been Described, Through The Agency Of Natural Decomposing Influences In Granitic Rocks. In One Instance, However, At Betleek, County Fermanagh, It Is Procured By Calcining The Red Orthoclase Granite Of The District. The Felspar Is Whitened By The Process, And ...
Artificial Waters
Artificial Waters. —on Account Of The High Reputation Gained By The Waters From Various Natural Springs, And The Many Wonderful Cures Which They Were Supposed To Have Effected, It Is Not Surprising That A Desire Should Have Been Manifested To Reproduce Them Artificially, And Thus To Enable Suffering Humanity To ...
Asbestos Fr
Asbestos. (fr., Asbeste ; Ger., Asbest.)—thia Name, Which Is Derived From The Greek Word Da'se0*tos, Incombustible, Is Given To Aevera] Varieties Of Amphibolie And Augitio Minerals. The Commonest Form Occurs In Massea Of Coarse, White, Flexible, Crystalline Fibres, Varying Conaiderably In Texture, And Being Sometimes So Fine As To Resemble ...
Asphalt
Asphalt. (fa., Asphalte ; Ger., Asphalt.)—asphalt, Or Native Bitumen, Is Believed To Be Pro Duced By The Decomposition Of Organic, And Probably Vegetable, Matter, Under The Earth's Surface, In Places Where Water Is Present, But Air Is Almost Entirely Excluded. These Organic Remains Being Deposited In The Beds Of Seas, ...
Assaying Fr
Assaying. (fr., Docimasia ; Ger., Probirkunst.)—the Term "assaying," In Its Strictest Sense, Means The Process By Which The Precious Metals Are Separated From Their Alloys, Or Ex Tracted From Their Ores, And Subsequently Purified. Of Late, However, The Word Has Come To Be Used In A Much Wider Sense, Namely, ...
B With
B. With Loowood.—(a) A Decoction Of Logwood Is First Made By Boiling ]0 Lb. Logwood In Enough Water To Produce 80 Lb. Of The Decoction. To 1000 Parts Of This Logwood Extract, When Cold, Is Added 1 Part Of Yellow (neutral) Chromate Of Potash Stirring Rapidly. It Is Ready For ...
B With Coal Tar
B. With Coal-tar Colours.—the Colouring Matters Derived From Coal-tar May All Be Employed For Writing Purposes. These Inks Possess Bright Colours, Do Not Precipitate Their Colour, And Dry Quickly. When Dried Up Or Thickened, They Can Be Put Right By Simple Dilution With Water. On The Other Hand, They Are ...
Beer
Beer. Some Brewera Admit The Water Int,o The Mashing Tun At A Higher Temperature Than Is Necessary For The Mash, Allowing It To Cool Before The Malt Is Put In. In Other Breweries, The Malt And Water Are Introduced Together Into A Machined Maah Tun, The Initial Heat Of The ...
Blacicing Fr
Blacicing. (fr., Cirage ; Ger., Wichse, Stiefelwichse.) Blacking Is A Pasty Compound Used For Producing A Polish On Black Ltatlaer Surfaces, Especially On The "uppers " And The Edges Of The Soles And Heels Of Boots And Shoes. There Are Numerous Methods Of Manufacturing This Substance ; But In Nearly ...
Black Snake Root Black
Snake-root (black), Black Cowosw, Or Bugbane. — A Tincture Of The Root Of Cimicifuga (acura) Racemosa Is Used In Rheumatism, Dropsy, Phthisis, And Bronchitis, And Externally For Reducing Inflammation. The Plant Is Abundant In Woods In The W. Hemisphere, As Far S. As Florida. The Drug Has A Blackish-brown Colour, ...
Blacks
Blacks. Several Manufactured Carbonaceous Substances Are Known In Commerce Under The Generic Name Of "blacks." The Most Important Of These Are Animal-black, Bone-black, Frankfort-black, Ivory-black, And Lamp-black. They Are Usually Obtained By Carbonizing Organic Matter, Particularly Bones, In Closed Vessels Or Crucibles, Or By Collecting The Soot Formed By The ...
Blacks 1
Blacks : (1) Fast Black (for 110 Lb. Cotton Yarn Or Cotton Wool).—solid Extract Of Logwood, Lb.; Catechu, 5 Lb. 10 Oz. Boil Up Together. Boil The Yarn In The Decoction For 1 Hour, Steep In The Cold Liquid For 24 Hours ; Raise To A Boil Again ; Lift, ...
Bleaching Fe
Bleaching. (fe., Blanchiment ; Ger., Bleichen.) By The Term " Bleaching," Is Understood All Those Processes By Which Certain Animal And Vegetable Products, More Especially Those Used In The Manufacture Of Clothing, Are Made White. Whatever The Processes Adopted, The Impurities, Natural Or Accidental, Should Be More Readily Affected By ...