Barwood (Fa., Bois du Santal, Santal rouge d'Afrigue ; GER., Sandelhoiz).—This dyewood is derived from Pterocarpus Angolensis, a tall tree of W. Africa. The colouring principle, termed Santalin, is common to several other members of the same genus (see Camwood, Sanders wood), and is developed only with age, being absent from young branches, but abundant in the trunk. In the African markets, the dye-stuff occurs in a ground state, made up into balls ; the wood is imported in square logs deprived of the hark. Its value is 31.-31. 10s. a ton. It is chiefly used to produce orange-reds, called "mock Turkey reds," on cotton yarns.
Berberin, + 9110. — This golden-yellow colouring matter appears to be very widely distributed ; it hes been recognized in the barks of Geoffroya inermis, Xanthoxylum Clara Hercules, and in the root-bark of Berberis vulgaris; also in the flowers of the last named, in the bark of Xylopia polycarpa, in the root of Jateorhiza Columbo, in the wood of Cosciniwrn fenestratum, and in Jeffersania diphylla, Leontice thadictroides, Podophydlum peltatum, Coptis Teeta, C. trifolia, Hyelrastie Canadensis, and Xanthorrhiza apiifolia. The only plants whence the dye seems to be commercially obtained are the several species of Berberis. B. vulgaris is found in abundance throughout Europe ; in the Savoy Alps and in Poland, a decoction of the bark and roots is used for dyeing leather and woven fabrics, and in Nuremberg for colouring toys. In India and China, several species yield a yellow dye, and as the watery extract is well known to the natives, large quantities might be prepared in that way.
(Fa., Bois de Fernambouc ; GER., Fernambukholz, Brasilienholz).—Several species of Cesalpinia yield a colouring principle known as Brasilin, Brazil-wood proper, derived from C. Braziliensis, is now seldom met with, owing to the destruction of all the trees within reach of a port ; its bast substitute is obtained from C. Christa, a native of the province of Pernambuco, and of Jamaica, and worth 13/.-451. a ton. A second variety, termed "peach-wood," is imported from Nicaragua ; a third, of inferior quality, from Peru, is known as " Lima-wood," and valued at 111.-11/. 10s. a ton. The same principle exists in Sapan-wood (q. v.). An extract is prepared from these woods in the following way :—They are finely ground, and left to ferment and oxidize in the air ; treated with water, the decoction is concentrated by evaporation as rapidly as possible. By
adding 4 lb. of gelatine, dissolved in water, to every cubic yard of ground wood, and leaving the whole to ferment for several days, a much richer and stronger extract is obtained. The brilliancy is much increased by adding a little chlorate of potash to the hot extract. The extracts are used principally to produce pinks and reds in steam styles ; and with quercitron, in the production of cheap garancine styles. Decoctions of the woods yield beautiful pink lakes, used by paper-stainers ; common red ink is prepared by adding a little alum and acid to their aqueous solutions. The exports of Brazil-wood from Bahia, in 1878, were 821 kilos., almost entirely to the United States.
Broom (FR., Genet ; GER., Farberginster, Gilb-kraut, Geniste).—The "Dyers' broom" (Gertista scoparia) is very abundant in the Alps, and is still occssionally used by the Italians for dyeing skins.
Camwood (FR., Bois de Cam ; GER., Camholz).—This appears to be identical in origin with Barwood (q. v.), its commercial difference depending upon the selection of the wood for the develop ment of its colour. It is worth 15/.-231. a ton.
matter, to which this name has been given, is derived from the red cab bage, in the following way :—The cabbage is cut into small pieces, and placed in boiling water, in the proportion of about 3 lb. of the former to 5 pints of the latter ; the infusion is left to macerate for twenty-four hours ; the leaves are taken out and pressed, and the expressed liquid is added to the infusion. The dye has a violet-blue colour, and forms the base of a series of derivatives. It is prepared dry, and in the form of a syrupy extract.
Chay (FR., Chayaver, Chavayer ; GER., Sayawer).—A very popular red colour is obtained from the root of Oldenlandia (Hedyotis) umbellata, known also as "Indian madder." The plant flourishes in the sandy soils of the Coromandel coast ; besides being found abundantly in the wild state, it is very extensively cultivated. The roots are found in commerce in little bundles, 6 in. long, and 1 / 2 in. in circumference. The dye is in great repute in India, hut is said to deteriorate rapidly in any dark place, and parcels of it exported have therefore been regarded unfavourably.