The treatment of the residues is described under Pitch, Rosin, and Tar (pp. 1678-81, 1683-4).
The crude turpentine commonly reaches the works in barrels containing about 501 gal., and weighing about 517 lb. The yield from this by the oldeat method was only 33 lb. of turpentine spirit, whieh was increased to 83 lb. by using hot water in the still of Fig. 1185, while by the adoption of ateam, the result is 99 lb. of turpentine-spirit, and about 352 lb. of dry matters. The steam process not only effects a greater yield, but produces a better article, and requires leas thne and labour.
The Russian method of tapping differs essentially from both the Arnerican and the French. The trees, when 20 ft. high below the branches and 3I-7 in. thick, are stripped of a piece of bark about 28 in. wide, and leaving only about 2-3 in. of the trunk nndenuded, preferably on the north side. The oleo-resin exudea and becomea inapiasated on the barked patch (really forming " thus"), and is scraped off in the following autumn, averaging about 14 oz. to a tree. Next year, the barking is continued in narrow rings for a distance not exceeding 16 in., and the product may amount to 21 oz. ln the 3rd year, it reaches about the same figure ; in the 4th, it falls back to 14 oz. In the 5th year, 24 in. are removed, but the yield is then small ; the barking is stopped in the 6th year, but the tree is left standing for 3--4 years, becoming saturated with oleo-resin, and thus of increased value for the tar-oven (seo Tar, p. 1683).
The Indian conifers already named are capable of affording considerable quantities of turpen tine, probably at a price which would be remunerative in local markets, but not for export in competition with the American article.
Connnon turpentine is a honey-like liquid, of strong, disagreeable, characteristie odour, and amid, bitter, naumeous flavour ; it is soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisulphide, and fixed and volatile oils. The drying propensity variea, being atrougcat in the Bordeaux kind. By aqueous distillation, tho common turpcntinea yield 15-30 per ceut. of essential oil (see Vegetable Volatile Oila, p. 1431). The consumption of common turpentine in the preparation of varnishes and paints is very extensive. The approximate London market value of American turpentine in casks is
20-30s. a t.
Turpentine is very rarely exported in its crude atate, but the commerce in turpentine-oil (called also "apirit" and " eNdelICC ") haa conaiderable importance: Our importa were 236,026 cwt, value 271,618/., in 1876 ; 324,145 cwt., 358,000/., in 1878 ; and 271,699 cwt., 378,8381., in 1880. rif the last-mentioned, the United States contributed 261,911 cwt., 365,752/. Our re-exports in 1880 were 5715 cwt., 8319/., to France; 55:;1 cwt., 6231/., to Belgium 4404 cwt., 6640/., to Holland ; 8203 cwt., 12,742/., to other eountries. Our imports front the United States rose from 228,429 cwt. in 1876, to 322,251 in 1878, but receded to 261,911 in 1880. The American port of Boston received 217 bar. crudo turpentine and 6546 bar. turpentiue-spirit in 1880, and exported 730 bar. of the latter. New York exported 135 bar. crude turpentine in 1878, and 58 in 1879; and 17,243 bar. turpentine-spirit in 1878 and 5824 in 1879 ; of the apirit ahipped in 1878, 4814 bar. came to Great Britain, 2023 bar. went to N. Europe, 1238 bar. to other Europe, 9107 bar. to S. America, the E. and W. Indies, &e. Wilmington, in 1878, sent 11,024 bar. spirit coastwise, and exported 107,152 bar., total value, 266,927/. ; aud of orude, 3087 bar. coastwise and 1449 abroad, total value 1844/. Savannah, in 1879, exported 512,268 gal. turpentine, of which, 274,717 gal. came to Britiah ports ; in 1880, the figures were 21,743 bar. spirit coastwise, and 605,412 gal. exported. Mobile, in 1880, sent 25,109 bar., value 73,240/., to the interior of the United Statea. The Greek port of Syra, in 1877, sent 112/. worth of ttupentine to Egypt, 112/. to Turkey, and 107/. to Great Britain.
6. Hungarian balsam (FR., Tt:rebinthine d'Hongre).—The dwarf or mountain pine (Pinus Pumilio) yields a pale-yellow clear liquid, of herbaceous odour and piquant flavour, still known under the name of Hungarian balsam, but hardly met with now in commerce. Its essential oil is used as an inhalation in throat-diseases.