Totara (Podocatpus Totara).-This tree is fairly abundant in the N. and S. islands of New Zealand, reaching 80 ft. high and 2i-3f ft. diam. Its wood is easily worked, straight- and even grained, warps little, and splits very clean and free; but it is brittle, apt to shrink if not well seasoned, and subject to decay in the heart. It is used generally for joinery and house-building. Its weight is 40 lb. ; breakiug-weight, 570 lb.
Walnut (Juglans regia).-The walnut-tree is a native of Greece, Asia Minor, Persia, along the Hindu Kush to the Himilayas, Kashmir, Kumaon, Nepal, and China, and is cultivated in Europe up to 55° N. lat., thriving best in dry, deep, strong loam. It reaches 60 ft, high and 30-40 in. diam. The young wood is inferior ; it is in best condition at about 50-60 years. Its scarcity excludes it from building application, but its beauty, durability, toughness, and other good qualities render it esteemed for cabinet-making and gun-stocks. Its weight is 40-48 lb. a cub. ft. ; co hesive force, 5360-8130 lb.; strength, 74 ; stiffness, 49 ; toughness, Ill ; all taken on a green sample.
Of the walnut-burrs (or loupes), for which the Caucasus was once famous, 90 per cent. now come from Persia. The walnut forests along the Black Sea, which give. excellent material for gun stocks, do not produce burrs, which occur only in the drier climates of Georgia, Dag-hestan, and Persia. Italian walnut is worth 4-5id. a ft. Poti exported 35,413 poods (of 36 lb.) in 1877-8. Trebizonde, in 1879, sent 32 cwt. to Turkey, 2765 to Great Britain, 12,179 to France ; total value, 29,956/. ; in 1880, 1832 cwt. to Great Britain, and 4137 to France ; total value, 11,938/. Samsoun exported 1000 cwt., 2000/., in 1880. Ancona exported 131,209 planks, value 37,895/., to Great Britain in 1878. (See Nuts, p. 1360 ; Oils, p. 1413.) Walnut [Black Virginia] (J. nigra).-This is a large tree ranging from Pennsylvania to Florida ; the wood is heavier, stronger, and more durable than European walnut, and is well adapted for naval purposes, being free from worm attacks in warm latitudes. It is extensively u.ecl in America for various purposes, especially cabinet-making.
Willow (Salix spp.).-The wood of the willow is soft, smooth, and light, and adapted to many purposes. It is extensively used for the blades of cricket-bats, for building fast-sailing sloops, and in hat-making (see pp. 1102-27), and its charcoal is used in gunpowder-making (see p. 882).
Yellow-wood or Geel Hout (Taxus elongatus).-This is one of the largest trees of the Cape Colony, reaching 6 ft. diam. Its wood is extensively used in building, though it warps much in seasoning, and will not bear exposure.
Yew (T. baccata).-This loug-lived shrubby tree inhabits Europe, N. America, and Japan, being found in most parts of Europe at 1000-4000 ft., and frequently on the Apennines, Alps, and Pyrenees, and in Greece, Spain, and Great Britain. The stem is short, but reaches a great diameter (up to 20 ft.). The wood is exceedingly durable in flood-gates, and beautiful for cabinet making. Its weight is 41-42 lb. a cub. ft. ; cohesive force, 8000 1h.
Commerce.-Our imports of wood and timber in 1880 were as follows :-Hewn Fir : From Norway, 338,943 loads, 506,142/. ; Russia, 331,012 loads, 630,8941. ; Sweden, 308,702 loads, 527,163/. ; France, 293,117 loads, 295,805/. ; British N. America, 262,663 loads, 1,012,210/.; Germany, 225,964 loads, 520,949/. ; United States, 137,017 loads, 440,262/. ; other countries, 13,191 loads, 13,055/. ; total, 1,910,609 loads, 3,946,480/.
Hewn Oak : From Germany, 46,276 loads, 225,234/. ; British N. America, 44;888 loads, 277,945/. ; Russia, 3285 loads, 35,160/. ; United States, 1725 loads, 12,672/. ; France, 1206 loads, 5554/. ; Austria, 959 loads, 8657/. ; other countries, 160 loads, 1896/. ; total, 98,499 loads, 567,118/.
Hewn Teak : From Bengal and Burma, 33,211 loads, 401,361/. ; other countries, 652 loads, 9073/. ; total, 33,863 loads, 410,434/.
Hewn, unenumerated : From British N. America, 65,512 loads, 249,180/. ; Norway, 5576 loads, 10,108/. ; British Guiana, 4938 loads, 37,289/. ; Sweden, 4675 loads, 8103/. ; other countries, 6869 loads, 23,437/. ; total, 87,570 loads, 328,117/.
Sawn or Split, Planed or Dressed Fir: From British N. America. 1,158,653 loads, 3,037,481/. ; Sweden, 1,066,394 loads, 2,833,692/. ; Russia, 966,513 loads, 2,508,514/. ; Norway, 366,400 loads, 1,002,885/. ; United States, 171,049 loads, 522,591/. ; Germany, 63,973 loads, 165,876/. ; other countries, 2860 loads, 4217/. ; total, 3,795,842 loads, 10,075,256/.