Sal or Saul (Shorea robusta).—This noble tree is found chiefly along the foot of the Himalayas, and on the Vindhyan Hills near Gaya, the best being obtained from Morung. Its wood is strong, durable, and coarse-grained, with particularly straight and even fibre; it dries very slowly, continuing to shrink years after other woods are dry. It is used chiefly for flcor-beams, planks, and roof-trussea, and can be had in lengths of 30-40 ft., and 12-21 in. sq. Its weight is 55-61 lb. a cub. ft.; cohesive force, 11,500 lb.; crushing-force, 8500 lb.; breaking-weight, s81 lb.
satin-wood of the Bahamas is supposed to be the timber of Mika oanensis, an almost unknown tree. The Indian kind is derived from Chlorarylon Swietenia, a nalive of Ceylon, the Coromandel coa-i, and other parts of India. The former comes in square logs or planks 9-20 in. wide; the lattcr, in oireular logs 9-30 in. diam. The chief use of satin wood is for making the backs of hair- and clothes-brushes, turnery, and veneering,. The exports from the Bahamas were 5037 pieces in 1878, and 18,783 in 1s79, all to England. The approximate value of San Doiningan is 6-18d. a, ft. The Indian tree yields a gum (see p. 1682).
Sissu or Seesum (Dalbergia ,',issu).—This tree is met with in many parts of India, being said to attain its greatest size at Chanda. Its wood resembles the finest teak, but is tougher and more elastic. Being usually crooked, it is unsuited for beams, though much used by Bengal ship builders, and in India generally for joinery and furniture. Its weight is 46i lb. a cub. ft. ; cohesive force, 12,000 lb.; breaking-weight, 700 lb.
Sneezewood or Nies Hout (Pteroxylon utile).—This most durable S. African timber, the oomtata of the natives, is invaluable for railway-sleepers and piles, being almost imperishable.
Spruce Fir [American Black] (Aiiies nigra).—This tree inhabits Canada and the N. States, being most abundant in cold-bottomed lands in Lower Canada. It reaches 60-70 and even 100 ft. high, but seldom exceeds 21 in. diam. The wood is much used in America for ships' knees, when oak and larch are not obtainable.
Spruce Fir [American White], Epinette, or Sapinette blanche (A. white-barked fir is a native of high mountainous tracts in the colder parts of N. America, where it grows 40-50 ft. high. The wood is tougher, lighter, less durable, and more liable to twist in drying than white deal, but is ocessionally imported in planks and deals. It weighs 29 lb. a cub. ft.; cohesive force, 8000 to 10,000 lb.; strength, 86 ; stiffness, 72; toughness, 102.
Spruce Fir [Red], or Newfoundland Red Fine (A. rabra) —This species grows in Nova Scotia, and about Hudson's Bay, reiiching 70-80 ft. high. It is universally preferred in America for ships' yards, and imported into England for the same purpose. It unites in a higher degree all the good qualities of the Black Spruce Fir.
(Eucalyptus gigantea).—This tree affords one of the best building woods of Australia, being cleaner and straighter-grained than most of the other species of Eucalyptus. It is hard, heavy, strong-, close-grained, and works up well for planking, beams, joists, and flooring, but becomes more difficult to work after it dries, and shrinks considerably in drying. The outer wood is better than the heart. Its weight is 56 lb. a cub. ft.; crushing-force, 6700 lb. ; bresking weight, under 500 11).
Sycamore or Great Maple (Acer pseudo-platanus). — This tree, mis-called " plane " N. England, is indigenous to mountainous Germany, and very common in England. It thrives well near the sea, is of quick growth, and has a trunk averaging 32 ft. long and 29 in. dian3. The wood is durable in the dry, but liable to worms ; it ia chiefly used for furniture and orna ments. Its weight is 31-12 lb. a, cub. ft. ; cohesive force, 5000-10,000 lb. ; strength, 81 ; stiffness, 59 ; toughness, 111.
Tamanu (Calophyllurn sp.).—This valuable tree of the S. Sea Islands is becoming scarce. It sometimes reaches 200 ft. high and 20 ft. diana. Its timber is very useful for ship-building and ornamental purposes, and is like the best Spanish mahogany. It yields an oil (see Dilo, p. 1387), and a resin (see Tamanu, p. 1683).
Tanakaha (Podocarpus asplensfolius).—This is a light-coloured New Zealand wood, close and straight in the grain, and running 20-40 ft. long and 10-16 in. sq.
Teak (Tectona grandis).—This tall, straight, rapidly-growing tree inhabits the dry elevated districts of tbe Malabar and Coromandel coasts of India, as well as Burma, Pegu, Java, and Ceylon. Its wood is light, easily worked, strong, and durable ; it is the best for carpentry where strength and durability are required, and is considered forernost for ship-building. The Moulmein product ia much superior to the Malabar, being lighter, more flexible, and freer from knots. The Vindhyan excels that of Pegu in strength, and in beauty for cabinet-making. The Johore is the heaviest and strongest, and is well suited for sleepers, beams, and piles. It is unrivalled for resist ing worms and ants. Its weight is 45-62 lb. a, cub. ft. ; cohesive force, 13,000-15,000 lb. ; strength, 109 ; stiffness, 126 ; toughness, 94. The quantities of teak brought down from British Burma were 46,431 tons in 1876-7, 39,081 in 1877-8, 22,763 in 1878-9, 17,585 in 1879-80. The approxi mate market value is 8-15/. a load. (See Tar, p. 1684.) Toon, or Chittagong wood (Cedrela Toona). —This tree is a native of Bengal and otber parts of India, where it is highly esteemed for joinery and furniture, measuring sometimes 4 ft. diam., and somewhat resembling mahogany. Its weight is 35 lb. a cub. ft. ; cohesive force, 4992 lb. ; breaking-weight, 560 lb.