1908 Kilauea In December
Kilauea In December, 1908. The Conditions At Kilauea In The Early Part Of December Were Examined By Myself In Company With Mr. Thurston, Who Writes As Follows, Under Date Of Dec. 6: "no Radical Change Since Last September And October. The Surface Has Subsided Somewhat, Being Now Three Hundred Feet ...
A Earthquakes In Hawaii
A. Earthquakes In Hawaii. Hawaii Is Regarded As A Land Where Earthquakes Are Frequent And Powerful. Since The Invention Of Apparatus Fitted To Record The Presence Of These Shocks, And The Attention Paid To Their Study In Japan, And Under The Auspices Of The British Association For The Advancement Of ...
Archibald Menzies Journal
Archibald Menzies' Journal. Feb. 5, 1794. Having By The Fifth Finished The Letters And Pack Ages For England, And Delivered Them To Capt. Vancouver To Be Forwarded In The "doedalus" Store Ship Which Was On The Point Of Sailing For New South Wales, I Was Desirous Of Making Another Attempt ...
Ascent In 1883
Ascent In 1883. The Writer Was Privileged To Follow The Trails Taken By Cap Tain Dutton To The Sources Of The 18so Flow Near Puu Ulaula And To Mokuaweoweo. His Companion Was F. J. Perryman Of The Government Survey, And The Time Was January. Following So Closely To Dutton, Our ...
Atmospheric Phenomena
Atmospheric Phenomena. A Column Of Smoke Constantly Arose From The Points Of Ejec Tion, Visible On All Sides. It Expanded As It Arose, And Closely Re Sembled The So-called "pine Tree" Shown On Photographs Of Erup Tions From Vesuvius. The Northeast Trade-wind Does Not Reach The Altitude Of The Outbursts ...
B The Place Of
B. The Place Of Origin Of The Moon. Astronomers Generally Believe That The Rnnon Was Once A Part Of The Earth From Which It Has Been Separated By Fission When In A Somewhat Plastic Condition. The Original Material Had Greater Volume Than When The Separation Took Place: And By Condensation ...
Basalt Volcanoes
Basalt Volcanoes. Volcanoes May Be Classified By The Petrographical Character Of The Lavas Which They Emit : For The Fluidity Of The Material, The Tem Perature Of Fusion And The Shapes Of The Cones Are Determined By The Assemblage Of The Constituent Minerals. The Materials Are Spoken Of As Basic ...
Between 1832 And 1840
Between 1832 And 1840. The Next Visit To Kilauea Recorded Was By Mr. David Douglass In 1834. He Found Two Molten Lakes—the More Northern Three Hundred And Nineteen Yards In Diameter ; The More Southern, 1,190x700 Yards In Extent, And Heart-shaped. The Larger One Oc Casionaly Boiled With Terrific Grandeur, ...
Between 1855 And 1868
Between 1855 And 1868. In March And October, 1856, There Was Some Sluggish Lava In Halemaumau And Hundreds Of Steam Jets. The Inner Platform Of Hardened Lavas Keeps Its Elevation Of About Six Hundred Feet Above Its Level Of 1840. J. H. Wood In 1892 Says That In 1856 The ...
Black Ash
Black Ash. The City And Environs Of Honolulu Are Widely Covered By A Coarse Black Ash, Cinders Or Sand Of Volcanic Origin. It Is So Coarse And Uniform That It Has Been Utilized For The Removal Of All Sorts Of Sewage From The Houses To The Sea. When The Population ...
Captain Duttons Visit In
Captain Dutton's Visit In 1882. A Very Complete And Satisfactory Account Of Kilauea Is That Given By Captain Clarence E. Dutton In The Fourth Annual Re Port Of The United States Geological Survey And The Attempt Will Be Made To Present Its Most Important Points. He Applies To The Volcano ...
Conditions In 1902 And
Conditions In 1902 And Later. After A Long Season Of Quiet Slight Activity Is Resumed. Hon. L. A. Thurston Writes In The Record Book Of The Volcano House, February I4th, As Follows: The Outlines Of The Pit Of Halemaumau Are Essentially The Same As When Last Reported (19oo). Very Little ...
Coral Reef
Coral Reef. Oahu Is Mostly Encircled By A Fringing Coral Reef. At Low Tide One Can Walk A Long Distance On This Reef In Various Direc Tions, Off The City Of Honolulu, Near Koko Head, And In Kaneohe Bay. The Polyps Living On And Enlarging The Reef Are Of The ...
Diamond Head
Diamond Head. Circumstances Have Led To An Extended Study Of Diamond Head. There Are Seven Tuff Cones Near The Sea Shore On The Southwest Side Of Koolaupoko, Of Which Diamond Head Or Leahi Is One. The Others Are The Two At The Salt Lakes Aliapakai And Aliamanu, Makalapa, A Short ...
E D Baldwin Upon
E. D. Baldwin Upon The Yellow Ashes Of Kau. As To The Sources Of The Yellow Ash Eruption, I Would State, That I Found A Partial Old Yellow Cone In Among The Kamakaia Hills, Or The Hills Some Three Miles Back Of The Halfway House. The First Source Of The ...
Early Records Of Activity
Early Records Of Activity At Kilauea. As Is Well Known, The First Detachment Of American Mission Aries Arrived In Hawaii In 182o. They Gradually Made Them Selves Familiar With The Island And Dicovered The Fact Of The Ex Istence Of The Volcano Of Kilauea. Because The Natives Possessed No Written ...
Earthquake Wave Of 1868
Earthquake Wave Of 1868. On The I3th Of August, I868, At 5:o5 P. M. An Earthquake Was Started Off The Coast Of Arica, Peru, Said To Have Had A Duration Of Ten Minutes. At 5:3a P. M. The First Of A Series Of Waves From Fifty To Sixty Feet High ...
Earthquake Waves
Earthquake Waves. On The 7th Of November, 1837, There Was An Earthquake In Chile, And A Sea Wave Started By It Was Felt At The Hawaiian Islands ; Also At Tutuila In The Samoan Group. The Phenomena Observed At Hilo Are Thus Described By Rev. Titus Coan : At About ...
Ellis Description Of Kilauea
Ellis' Description Of Kilauea. The First Edition Of The Journal Of The Tour Around Hawaii Was Published In 1825. Eight Years Later It Was Reprinted With Addi Tions And Emendations As Polynesian Researches, In Four Volumes And Some Of The Original Statements Were Modified. There Were English Editions Also. I ...
Eruption Of 1790
Eruption Of 1790. The Account Of The Eruption Of 1790 Was Compiled By Rev. Sheldon Dibble In His History Of The Sandwich Islands, Published At Lahainaluna In 1843. He Interviewed Several Of The Survivors Of The Catastrophe, And Was Able By Repeated Questionings To Com Pile A Satisfactory Account Of ...
Eruption Of 1832
Eruption Of 1832. The Accounts Of The Eruption Of 1832 Are Sufficiently Full To Enable Us To Know That The Disturbances In Kilauea Near The Lakes Of Fire Correspond To Those Manifested At Other Eruptive Periods. According To The Statements That Have Already Been Cited, The Lower Pit Had Been ...
Eruption Of 1843
Eruption Of 1843. According To Dr. Andrews, Smoke Was First Seen From Hilo Above The Summit, January 9th. The Next Night A Brilliant Light Appeared Above The Summit Like A Beacon Fire. By Day Great Volumes Of Smoke Were Poured Forth, And For A Week There Was A Fire By ...
Eruption Of 1849
Eruption Of 1849. This Eruption Was Not Very Important. In April And May Ex Plosions And Detonations From The Cones Of The Great Dome Startled Travelers. They Were Compared To The Discharge Of Whole Ranks Of Musketeers Or Field Artillery. They Were Repeated Hourly And Attended By A Brilliant Column ...
Eruption Of 1852
Eruption Of 1852. The Preceding Eruption Was Really The Opening Scene Of A Fine Exhibition Six Months Later Which Started On The North Side Of The Mountain, February 17th. Qn February Loth, The Chief Flow Had Shifted To Another Place About Xo,000 Feet Above The Sea Level. The Escaping Lava ...
Eruption Of 1855
Eruption Of 1855. We Found A Considerable Ascent Between The Shore And The Present Terminus Of The Lava, Which Is About Seven Miles From The Town, Towards Which It Is Directly Advancing With Unabated Activity. There Still Intervenes About Three Miles Of Dense Forest And Jungle Between It And The ...
Eruption Of 1855
Eruption Of 1855. This Commenced August I Ith And Continued For Sixteen Months. The Amount Of Lava Ejected Was The Greatest Of Any Of The Flows Seen By Modern Observers. The Only Witnesses Of The Scene On Record Were Titus Coan, S. E. Bishop And F. A. Weld. It Started ...
Eruption Of 1855_2
Eruption Of 1855. In May And June Travelers Reported A Fiery Girdle Around The Whole Circumference Of The Caldera ; Intense Heat And Suffocating Gases Were Encountered Upon The Road Back Of Uwekahuna, So That Men And Horses Were Forced To Make A Wide Detour To The West. The Fires ...
Eruption Of 1886
Eruption Of 1886. The Halemaumau Pit Was Completely Filled Up On The Evening Of March 6th, 1886. The Lava That For Nine Years, Or Since The Last Previous Important Discharge (1877) Had Been Accumulating And Pouring Over The Floor From Halemaumau And New Lake, The Latter Five Years Old, Attained ...
Eruption Of 1887
Eruption Of 1887. This Was Like That Of 1868, And Broke Out Low Down The Mountain At Kahuku. In December, 1886, Earthquakes Became Frequent About Kahuku. These Averaged Three Per Diem By The 12th Of January. Mr. George Jones Counted Three Hundred And Fourteen Shocks Between 2:12 A. M. Of ...
Eruptions
Eruptions. The Ordinary Work Of The Volcanoes Is Accumulative. The Molten Lava Has Been Gathering At The Apex Of The Ascensive Column In Such Amount That There Is Not Strength Enough In The Containing Walls To Keep It In Place, And It Flows Away Down The Mountain Side, Or Else ...
Eruptions Of Lava From
Eruptions Of Lava From The Lower Levels. The Mauna Loa Flows May Be Classified By The Altitudes At Which The Discharges Take Place. First, Those From The Upper Part Of The Dome, As Those Of 1843, 1852, 1855, 188o, 1889, And 1899, Starting From 9,000 To Ii,000 Feet Above The ...
Fire Fountains
Fire Fountains. Mention Has Been Made Of The Presence Of Small Fountains In The Lakes Of Kilauea As Being Ordinary Phenomena. During The Eruptions From The Greater Caldera Several Lofty Fountains Of Lava Have Been Observed : And The Evidence For Their Reality Cannot Be Gainsaid. The Annexed Table Shows ...
Fossil Trees In Lava
Fossil Trees In Lava. In The Definition Of Fossils It Is Expressly Stated That The Im Pressions Made By Organisms Upon Other Substances Must He In Cluded As Well As Where Portions Of The Animated Object Had Been Preserved. Thus A Footmark Proves The Former Existence Of An Animal As ...
Geomorphy
Geomorphy. These Two Mountainous Areas, The Foundation Rock Everywhere Is Basalt, Disposed In Layers Dipping Quaquaversally From The Central Lines. Kaala Was An Elliptic, Koolau An Elongated Dome, Each With Its Seaward Sides Sharply Incised By Canyons, And Both Joined Together By A Later Formed Plateau, Slop Ing Both Northerly ...
Halemaumau
Halemaumau. Halemaumau Is Always The Place Where The Fire Is To Be Seen. It Might Be Called The Core Or Nucleus Of The Volcano. While The Pools Of Lava May Appear Elsewhere When The Discharges Are Profuse, The Fire Will Be Seen Only At The Bottom Of The Pit When ...
Hawaii
Hawaii. Hawaii Is The Most Important Island Of The Archipelago, In All Re Spects, Whether Physiographic, Volcanic Or Historic. It Is The Largest, With An Area Of 4,015 Square Miles, Has Its Culminating Point In Mauna Kea, 13,825 Feet, And Has Been Made By The Coalescence Of The Volcanic Discharges ...
Houses Of Entertainment For
Houses Of Entertainment For Visitors. The First One Mentioned Was Situated Upon The Malden Plateau In 1824, For The Accommodation Of The Princess Kapiolani And Her Retinue. It Was A Simple Native Hut, And Was Found To Be Very Convenient For The Use Of Lord Byron's Party In 1825. In ...
Hualalai
Hualalai. This Volcano Is 8,269 Feet In Altitude, Northwest From Mauna Loa And Between The Flow Of 1859 And The Sea. Menzies Ascended It In 1793 And Figures A Large Crater At The Summit With Steep Walls Inside, With The Name Worroway. Prof. W. T. Brigham Repre Sents A Cluster ...
J D Danas Visit
J. D. Dana's Visit. Mr. Dana Was One Of The Scientific Corps Of The Exploring Ex Pedition. It Seems Very Strange That The Geologist Of The Expedi Tion Was Not Directed To Explore The Volcanoes. The Commander Evidently Wished To Save That Bit Of Work For Himself ; And It ...
Kauai
Kauai. Kauai Is The "garden Island" Of The Archipelago Because The Rocks Have Been Disintegrated Into Soils More Effectually Than Elsewhere. The Relief Map By W. T. Pope Of The Normal School Has Been Reduced In The Photograph To About One-fifth Of Its Ori Ginal Dimensions, Plate 5, And Shows ...
Kilauea After 1894
Kilauea After 1894. For Several Years The Volcano Was Quiet. Sept. I6, 1894_ There Was A Lake Deep Down, Visible Only At Intervals Because Of Vapors. W. J. Forbes And David Thrum. Dec. 6. The Fire In The Crater Quietly Disappeared In The Night. J. M. Lee. Jan. 3, 1896. ...
Kilauea Between 1841 And
Kilauea Between 1841 And 1849. In The Interval Between The Discharges Of 1840 And 1849 Two Novel Features Are Developed. The First Relates To The Production Of A Central Lava Lake Resting In A Basin Of Its Own Cooled Material. The Second Is Concerned With The Encirclement Of Halemaumau By ...
Kilauea From 1868 To
Kilauea From 1868 To 1879. After The Great Disturbance Of 1868, The Volcano Seemed To Take A Rest. Nov. 6, 1868. D. H. Hitchcock Wrote That A Chain Of Lakes Had Formed Around The Pit. Since The Earthquake The Whole Cen Tral Part Had Sunken Three Hundred Feet. The Greater ...
Kilauea In 1824
Kilauea In 1824. In 1824 Kilauea Was Visited By E. June I6th, Who Came From The Southwest. After Reaching A Point Two Miles From The Crater He Was Annoyed By Smoke Blowing In His Face, Accom Panied By Sulphur Fumes. The Air, Too, Was Filled With Fine Par Ticles Of ...
Kilauea In 1907
Kilauea In 1907. Jan. 27, 1907, F. S. Dodge Reports That The Lava Had Filled Up The Pit To The Level Of Four Hundred And Fifty Feet From The Top, Occupying An Area Of Nine Acres. Plate 44b Is Copied From A Plan Made By E. D. Baldwin, Dec. 26, ...
Letter From E D
Letter From E. D. Baldwin. I Believe You Asked About The Flow From The I868 Crack ! Would Say That In My Survey, We Camped About Two Weeks, A Mile Below Where The Main Flow Left The Crack ; Our Camp Being Located Mauka Of Puu Nahaha, An Old Fault ...
Lunar And Hawaiian Physical
Lunar And Hawaiian Physical Features Compared. Geologists Have Not Been Slow To Recognize Volcanoes In The Photographs Of The Lunar Surface Taken By Astronomers. G. Poulett Scrope Presents Comparative Maps Of The Craters About Naples And Upon The Moon, And Others Have Discussed The Re Semblance Between Them. In 1905 ...
Maui
Maui. The General Topographical Features Of Maui Are Shown In The Illustration Plate Io. It Should Be Said That The Reliefs Of Kauai, Oahu, And Maui Are Copied From Models Of Those Islands That Were Prepared And Copyrighted By Professor Willis T. Pope Of The College Of Hawaii. They Are ...
Mauna Kea
Mauna Kea. Mauna Kea Is The White Mountain Of Hawaii As Indicated By The Name. It Is Capped With Snow For A Longer Time And More Often Than Any Other Summit In The Archipelago, Because Of Its Greater Altitude, 13,825 Feet. The Snow Prevails From November Till March, And Intermittently ...
Mokuaineowe0 In 1896
Mokuaineowe0 In 1896. Dr. Friedlaender Had Visited Vesuvius And Etna Several Times And Was Familiar With Volcanic Scenes. He Had Also Visited The Summit Caldera In 1893, When It Was Inactive. April 21, 1896, When In Kona, He Noticed A Large White Cumulus Cloud Very High Up On Mauna Loa, ...
Mokuavteowe0 In 1905
Mokuavteowe0 In 1905. Prof. Willis T. Pope, Of Honolulu, Has Kindly Favored Us With A Brief Sketch Of His Ascent Of Mauna Loa In 1905. The Route Was Different From That Essayed By Any Of The Earlier Explorers, And For Some Reasons It Is Preferable To The Others. Our Party ...
Mokuavveovve0 In 1880 81
Mokuavveovve0 In 1880-'81. Professor W. T. Brigham Ascended Mauna Loa From Ainapo The Last Of July, About Three Months Before The Celebrated Out Break Of 188o-'8i. Fire Had Been Seen In South Mokuaweoweo May 1st. Ahuai, The Guide Of So Many Scientific Men To The Summit, Reported That The Fire ...
Mokuaweoweo Between 1832 And
Mokuaweoweo Between 1832 And 1843. Rev. Joseph Goodrich Is Authority For The Statement That Lava Flowed From Several Vents About The Summit On June 20, Light Was Observed From Lahaina On Maui, A Hundred Miles To The Northwest. Lava Was Seen Coming Out Of The Sides Of The Mountain In ...
Mokuaweoweo Between 1868 And
Mokuaweoweo Between 1868 And 1880. August 10, 1872, Heralded The Beginning Of A Remarkable Display Of Lava Within The Pit Of Mokuaweoweo Lasting For Eighteen Months, And No One Has Reported Any Discharge Of Lava Connected With It Over Any Part Of The Mountain Or Beneath The Sea. Mr. Coan ...
Mokuaweoweo In 1882
Mokuaweoweo In 1882. Captain C. E. Dutton Ascended Mauna Loa In 1882. First He Visited The Group Of Cones Near Puu Ulaula, The Sources Of The Later Flows, 1855, 188o Being Among Those Which He Identi Fied. Each One Is A True Crater, Composed Of Lapilli And Ashes Which Were ...
Mokuaweoweo In 1885 E
Mokuaweoweo In 1885. E. P. Baker Descended To The Bottom Of The Crater In April And Found Everything Quiet. One Of The Most Satisfactory Reports Of The Conditions In Mokuaweoweo Is Given By Rev. J. M. Alexander, Who Was En Gaged In Surveying Lands For The Government, And Marked The ...
Mokuaweoweo In 1903
Mokuaweoweo In 1903. Professor Edgar Wood Gave A Brief Account Of A Display From The Summit In October. On Monday The 5th Instant The British Ship Ormsery Noticed A Boiling Of The Sea Off The Kona Coast Of Hawaii. The Temperature Rose And The Ship Received A Shock As If ...
Molokai
Molokai. Molokai Is A Long Narrow Island Running East And West, Thirty Five Miles In Length, Seven In Average Width And With An Area Of Two Hundred And Sixty-one Square Miles. The Eastern End Is The Highest, Kamakou Peak Attaining The Altitude Of 4,958 Feet. Nearly Half Of The Eastern ...
Natures Pyrotechnics
Nature's Pyrotechnics. As We Sat At Breakfast At Kamuela On Thursday Morning, January Loth, 1907, The Chinese Cook Remarked, "plenty Fire On Mauna Loa Last Night." True Enough, As Several Servants Re Ported, Though But Few Others At Kamuela Saw It. * * * On Saturday Night At Our Home ...
Nii I0a Or Bird Island
Nii-i0a Or Bird Island. Our Information About This Island Is Derived From Two Reports Made By Dr. S. E. Bishop In Connection With A Large Excursion Party From Honolulu, July 20-22, 1885. The Princess Liliuoka Lani, Afterwards The Queen, Took The Direction Of Affairs. The Party Numbered Between Two And ...
Notes Upon The Kahuku
Notes Upon The Kahuku Lava-flow Of 1907. The Earliest Intimation Of This Great Eruption Was Im Mediately After Midnight, Opening January Loth, When A Power Ful Glare Was Observed At Hilo, Over The Caldera Of Mokuaweo Weo, On The Summit Of Mauna Loa, Forty Miles Distant. This Evi Dently Proceeded ...
Oahu
Oahu. The Geology Of Oahu Has Been Set Forth Quite Fully In Two Papers By The Author In The Bulletin Of The Geological Society Of America, 1900 And 1906, The Geology Of Oahu, And Diamond Head. The Annexed Photograph Of The Relief Map, Plate 6, Shows Admirably The General Features ...
Order Of Events In
Order Of Events In The Geological History Of Oahu. From The Descriptions Now Presented It Is Possible To Make Out The Order Of The Principal Events In The Geological History Of This Volcanic Island. We Are Satisfied With The Existence Of Tertiary Deposits Antedating The Rise Of The Earliest Basaltic ...
Order Of Events In_2
Order Of Events In The History Of Mohokea. Several Events Can Be Clearly Discriminated In The History Of The Mohokea Caldera. T. The Formation Of The Cone Of Mauna Loa. This Is Really Composite, But May Be Treated As A Unity For Convenience. Basalt Came From Below And Flowed Over ...