Baden is a manufacturing country for many ar ticles, the value of which arise almost wholly from the labour employed on them. In some years 110,000 wooden-clocks have been made, and 50,000 dozen of pewter spoons. These are only a part of the numerous smaller kinds of ware which the inge nuity of the inhabitants prepare; besides these, they have manufactures of linen and woollen cloth upon a small scale.
The inhabitants, 1,101,630, consist of 469,472 males, and 532,158 females. The Catholics are 663,000 ; the Lutherans, 248,000 ; the Reformed, 82,000; the Jews, 15,000; and the Mennonites, 1200 ; all religions are equally established.
It has two universities, several public schools, and abundant institutions for the education of the lower classes of the people.
The divisions are six circles, viz, The cities with their inhabitants are, Manheim, 20,628 ; Karlsruhe, 15,789 ; Freyburg, 10,108; Heidelburg, 9826 ; Pforzheim, 5301; Constance, 4.503; Rastadt, 4204; Weinheim, 4039; Mertheim, 3227; and Baden, 3085; the smaller cities which bear that name, because they have or have had for tifications, amount to one hundred, averaging not more than 1000 inhabitants each.
Hesse Cassel, a duchy in the middle of Germany, is very much divided by the intervening territories of Prussia, Hanover, Saxe-Weimar, Bavaria, and Hesse Darmstadt. The government is in the hands of the successor of the Landgrave, whose territory was merged in the kingdom of Westphalia, establish ed by Bonaparte. The states, consisting of the nobles, the prelates, and the representatives of the cities, are some, though but a feeble, check on sovereign, and their power is not accurately defin ed.
The income of the duchy is L. 380,000 Sterling, the expences somewhat exceed it. The debt is about L. 400,000, which was a novelty in Hesse Cassel before the occupation of it by France. The army is reduced, and, at present, consists of only 2000 men in constant pay, and 16,C00 that exercise fourteen days in the year, and are paid during that term. The general face of the country is hilly, in some parts approaching to mountainous ; but none even of the peaks exceed 3100 feet in height, and few of them 2100. The vallies between them arc beautifully picturesque and highly fertile. All the provinces except Fulda and Hanau have been sur veyed and measured. The land, under the plough, is 1,558,988; fruits and gardens, 393,906 ; meadows and pasture, 520,271 ; woods, 1,020,824 ; and wastes, waters, and the scites of towns and villages, 811,226 Hessian morgens (about eleven-sixteenths of an Eng lish acre). The two provinces that have not been surveyed are nearly three parts in twenty of the whole. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, and beans, are the
grain produced, of which rye is equal to all the others. At the last enumeration of the cattle, there were 39,572 horses ; 475 asses ; 159,278 cows ; 363,397 sheep ; 25,438 goats ; and 139,173 swine. The principal mineral is iron, of which about 64,000 quintals are produced; there are many parts abound ing in fossil coal. The principal manufactory is that of linen, the coarser kinds of which have given the name of this duchy to most of the coarse unbleached linen of Europe. The other articles that are neces sary for domestic use are made in the country, but few are exported. The religious enumerations are about 320,000 ; Reformed, 140,000 ; Lutherans, 90,000 ; Catholics, 8500; Jews, and a few Mennon ites. It is divided into ten provinces, viz.
The principal cities and their population are, Cassel, 19,000 ; Hanau, 11,997 ; Fulda, 7468 ; Marburg, 6470; Hersfeld, 5222 ; Schmalkalde, 4697; Rio telen, 2666; and Fritzlar, 2266; the smaller cities and market towns are about eighty, but the far greater part of the inhabitants live in the villages.
Hesse Darmstadt, a grand duchy on the banks of the Rhine, which runs through the southern part of it, and is its principal boundary on the western side in the northern part. The sole government is, at pre sent, in the Grand Duke, but he has pledged himself to convene the states this year (1820), and to form a free constitution. The revenues amount to about L.500,000 Sterling. but are insufficient to meet the expenditure. The taxes are higher than in any other part of Germany, and the debt very heavy. The military forces, though reduced, still reach to nearly 7000 men, and a militia of the whole popu lation. As a whole, the duchy may be termed hilly rather than mountainous, though some of the hills are near 200U feet in he'ght. In the northern part, on the hills the land is stony, in the vallies a heavy soil. In the southern part, the soil is generally sandy, and some of it totally destitute of vegetative power. More corn is grown than is generally con sumed, but that arises from the lower classes being subsisted principally on potatoes. Some of the best wines are made in this state. It supplies other coun tries with fruit, nuts, madder, clover-seed, potash, honey, and wax, and with manufactures of yarn and linen. The religious denominations, and their num bers, are. 366,000 Lutherans, 140,000 Catholics, 98,000 Reformed, 15,000 Jews, and 1000 Mennon ites. There are more nobles with extensive estates than in the other parts of Germany, and the pea sants were in a state of slavery till they were libe rated in the year 1813.