The commerce of Germany, conducted by means of shipping, centers principally in the Prussian ports, or in the free cities, and may be best treated of un der each of them. The commerce with France, Italy, Turkey, Poland, and Russia, is by no means great. The articles produced on the borders of each are too similar to cause a necessity for an in terchange; and the heavier articles, that are pro duced at a distance from the respective boundaries, will, in few instances, bear the expence of land car riage. The trade that is purely internal, or among the different states, is much less than might be ex pected, and much less than it would be if there ex listed less of a monopolizing spirit among the cities, and less jealousy among the several sovereigns. The greater part of the internal trade consists in the sale of wines, and of foreign colonial produce, which the capitalists in the cities collect and sell in smaller quantities to the shops in the provincial towns.
The governments of Germany, with the exception of the four free cities, are all of the monarchical form, with some slight restraints from their states, as is narrated under each division. The whole is govern• ed by an assembly of delegates from the various so lereigns, who have published a constitution, which is, however, so indistinct, and leaves such room for explanation, that it can scarcely be said to be in operation. The smaller powers, too, have from it little or no security against the invasion of their rights, or the aggressions on its. interests that may be attempted. The principal object of the constitu tion, the Bundes verfassung, as stated by the con federates, is, to secure the internal and external tranquillity, and the independence and inviolability of each state. The details of it decide, that no mem ber of the confederation shall make war on another, but defer to the decision of the assembly ; that, in case of attack tiom without, no state shall make a separate peace or truce with the enemy ; that no one shall enter into any engagements which can compro mise the security of the confederation, or of any of its members ; and that they shall always have ready an army, in the proportion of one to each hundred inhabitants, to dettnd the general confederation. By a special article, the three religious sects that divide Germany, the Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed, are to be on equal footing in all the struts.
Baden, a grand duchy, is the first of the German principalities. It is in the southern part of Germa ny, is bounded, on the north-east, by Bavaria, on the east by Wirtemberg and Hohenzollern, on the south east by the Lake of Constance, on the south by Swit zerland, on the west and north-west by France.
It is governed by the successors of the Margravea of Baden, with a constitution decreed in 1817, by which an assembly of nobles, and another chosen by the cities, divide the legislative power with the grand duke. The debt of the state amounts to about L.2,000,000 Sterling, the annual revenue L.5.50,000, the greatest part of which arises from the sovereigns'domains and royalties, and the remain der from the taxes paid by his subjects. The an nual expenditure, including the interest of the debt, somewhat exceeds the income ; and it is difficult to increase the taxation. The standing army in peace is about 8000 men, but is undergoing reduction ; and the militia or landsturm, all of whom are regi. mented, is 9'2,000. The face of the country is ge nerally irregular, with lolly hills, covered with woods, and rich and luxurious valleys between, that present the most picturesque prospects. The highest points of these mountains is Feldberg, 4610 feet above the level of the sea ; and, with many others, is covered with snow eight months in the year. In the inter vals between the mountains, the air is mild, and the spring and autumn both delightful and healthy.
The agriculture is generally on the three course rotation, but vines, almonds, and other fruits, are cultivated. The land under the plough is about 1,300,000 acres; the pasture land, 335,000 acres; the vineyards, 74,000; woods, 1,558,000; and the uncultivated parts, about 200,000 acres. Wheat is more cultivated than rye. Maize and rice are con siderable productions, but being well supplied with wine, there is hut little barley produced to make malt for beer and spirits. Potatoes are a very ma terial article of subsistence, and are grown now even in many parts of the Black Forest. Hemp and to bacco are considerable productions. By the latest surveys, the number of horses of all kinds were 82,717 ; the number of animals of the cow kind were 201,576; the sheep, including their lambs, 179,986; goats, 22,047 ; and swine, 869,207.
The mining concerns are numerous but not large, and yield commonly 4750 ounces of silver, 400 quintals of copper, and 2000 of lead, 320 of cobalt, besides a large quantity of iron, the amount of which is not ascertained, but estimated at 20,000 quintals.