Lictors
Lictors [lat. Lictores], In Roman Antiquities, A Class Of The Attendants (apparitores) Upon Certain Roman And Provincial Magistrates. As An Institution They Went Back To The Regal Period And Continued To Exist Till Imperial Times. The Majority Of The City Lictors Were Freedmen ; They Formed A Corporation Divided Into ...
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, One Of The Smallest Independent Sovereign States Of Europe (see San Marino And Monaco), 65 Sq.m. In Extent, And Bounded By The Right Bank Of The Rhine A Few Miles Above Lake Constance. Westward Lies The Canton Of St. Gallen (switzerland). The Eastern Border Marches With Austrian Vorarlberg, And ...
Liege
Liege (walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Liittich), Capital Of The Belgian Province Of Liege, On The Meuse, Long The Seat Of A Prince-bishopric, The Centre Of The Walloon Country. The Great Cathedral Of St. Lambert Was Destroyed In 1794, And In 1802 The Church Of St. Paul, Dating From The ...
Lien
Lien. The Word Lien Signifies The Right Of A Person In Pos Session Of Property Belonging To Another To Detain Such Property Until Some Debt Or Demand In Connection With The Property De Tained Is Satisfied. This Right Of Lien Arises Either By Implication Of Law Or By Express Contract. ...
Liepaja
Liepaja (libau), A Seaport Of Latvia In 56° 32' N., 2' E., At The Northern Extremity Of A Narrow Sandy Peninsula Which Separates Lake Libau (12 M. Long And 2 M. Wide) From The Baltic Sea. Pop. (193o) 57,238. There Are Four Harbours, The Commercial, With Stone Quays, Storehouses For ...
Lieutenant
Lieutenant, One Who Takes The Place, Office And Duty Of And Acts On Behalf Of A Superior Or Other Person. The Word In English Preserves The Form Of The French Original (from Lieu, Place, Tenant, Holding), Which Is The Equivalent Of The Lat. Locum Tenens, One Holding The Place Of ...
Life
Life, The Kind Of Activity Characteristic Of Living Creatures. No Doubt This Activity Is, In Its Objective Aspects, An Integration Of Numerous Chemical And Physical Processes, And There Is No Warrant For Postulating Any Mysterious "vital Force." On The Other Hand, It Must Be Allowed That Life Is A Unique ...
Life Boat And Life Saving Service
Life-boat And Life-saving Service. The Ar Ticle On Drowning And Life-saving (q.v.) Deals Generally With The Means Of Saving Life At Sea, But Under This Heading It Is Conve Nient To Include The Appliances Connected Specially With The Life Boat Service. The Ordinary Open Boat Is Unsuited For Life-saving In ...
Life Insurance
Life Insurance, A Contract Insuring The Payment Of Money On The Happening Of Any Contingency, Or One Of A Variety Of Contingencies, Dependent On Human Life; As This Definition Would, However, Include Contracts For Annuities Or Pure Endow Ments, It Should Be Limited By The Condition That One Of The ...
Life Tables
Life Tables. It Has Long Been Recognized That There Are Certain Influences Which Normally Affect The Duration Of Life, And That For A Large Number Of Individuals Of A Homogeneous Class It Is Practicable To Frame An Estimate Of Their Mortality Experience. Such Estimates At First Were Based On Conjecture ...
Light
Light, Subjectively, The Sense Impression Formed In The Eye. (see Vision.) The Present Article Deals With It Purely Objectively And Is Concerned With The More Fundamental Characteristics Of Light And Optical Instruments. For The More Practical Applications, Which Are Not Here Discussed In Detail, See Optics; Telescope; Microscope ; Interferometer ...
Light Thin Castings Industry
Light (thin) Castings Industry. A Highly Specialized Development Of The Ironfounding Industry. Its Prod Ucts Are Designed Almost Exclusively For Use In Connection With The Building Trades, Domestic Purposes, And Municipal And Archi Tectural Requirements. Its Development Has Depended On, And Kept Pace With, Development In Municipal Enterprise And A ...
Light And Radiation In
Light And Radiation In Relation To Health. The Phenomena Of Life Result From The Reactions Of Living Substance To Radiant Energy, And Depend Primarily On The Sun. All Radiations Are Conceived Of As Electromagnetic Waves Con Ducted In A Hypothetical Medium, Aether, And Travelling With The Velocity Of Light, 186,000m. ...
Lighted Buoys
Lighted Buoys Pintsch's Oil-gas Was First Used For A Light Carried On A Buoy In 1878. An Automatic Occulter, Worked By The Gas Passing From The Reservoir To The Burner, Was Introduced In 1883. The Majority Of Buoy Lights Lit By Oil-gas Are Fitted With Multiple-jet Or Argand Burners, But ...
Lighthouse Administration
Lighthouse Administration The Principal Countries Of The World Possess Organized And Central Authorities Responsible For The Installation And Maintenance Of Coast Lights And Fog-signals, Buoys And Beacons. In The Trinity House Service At Shore Lighthouse Stations Where There Is No Fog-signal There Are Usually Two Keepers, And At Rock Stations ...
Lighthouse Structures
Lighthouse Structures The Structures Of Lighthouses May Be Divided Into Two Classes, (a) Those On Rocks, Shoals Or In Other Situations Exposed To The Force Of The Sea, And (b) The More Numerous Class Of Land Structures. Towers.—in Determining The Design Of A Light House Tower To Be Erected In ...
Lighthouses
Lighthouses. Under The General Heading Of Lighthouses This Article Includes, In Addition To A Description Of Marine Light House Structures And Apparatus, Some Reference To Unattended Lights, Light-vessels, Lighted Buoys, Aerial Lighthouses And Acous Tic And Wireless Fog Signals. (see The Following Section, Light Houses Of The United States, For ...
Lighting Practice Outside The
Lighting Practice Outside The Home In Medicine, Manufacturing, Agriculture, Crime Detection, As Tronomy, And Many Other Processes Associated With Life Or Learn Ing, Light Or At Least The Near Visible Radiations, Becomes Useful In Other Ways Than For Seeing. The Sterilizing And Bactericidal Prop Erties Of Carefully Selected Qualities Of ...
Lighting Practice In The
Lighting Practice In The Home In The United States In 1935 There Were Approximately 2 2,000, 00o Places Of Residence Using Electric Lighting Plus Several Million Rural Homes Employing Gas Or Oil. Realizing The Many Hours Of Natural Darkness During Which The Home Life Is Dependent Upon Artificial Illumination It ...
Lighting And Artificial Illumination
Lighting And Artificial Illumination. From Earliest Times Man Has Endeavoured To Produce Artificial Light So As To Utilize More Thoroughly The Hours Of Darkness For The Purposes Of Work Or Pleasure. Until The First Application Of Electricity To Lighting Late In The 19th Century All Artificial Light Was Produced By ...
Lighting In Practice
Lighting In Practice The Process Of Depends Upon Three Factors, Namely, The Eye, The Task Or Objects Being Viewed, And The Light. The Human Organs Of Sight Are Designed To Function Essentially As A Camera Wherein The Pupillary Opening Involuntarily Enlarges Or Contracts, Corresponding To The Camera Diaphragm; Wherein The ...
Lightning Conductor
Lightning Conductor, Or, According To Benjamin Franklin, "lightning Rod," The Name Usually Given To Apparatus Designed To Protect Buildings Or Ships From The Destructive Effects Of Lightning (fr. Paratonnerre, Ger. Blitzableiter). The Upper Re Gions Of The Atmosphere Being At A Different Electrical Potential From The Earth, The Thick Dense ...
Liguria
Liguria, A Modern Territorial Division Of Italy Containing The Provinces Of Genoa, Imperia, Savona And Spezia, And Once Forming The Republic Of Genoa. It Lies Between The Ligurian Alps And The Apennines On The North, And The Mediterranean On The South, And Extending From The Frontier Of France On The ...
Lilac Or Pipe Tree
Lilac Or Pipe Tree (syringa Vulgaris), A Tree Of The Family Oleaceae. The Genus Contains About Io Species Of Orna Mental Hardy Deciduous Shrubs, Native In Eastern Europe And Temperate Asia. They Have Oppo Site, Generally Entire Leaves And Large Panicles Of Small Regular Flowers, With A Bell-shaped Calyx And ...
Liliaceae
Liliaceae, In Botany, A Family Of Monocotyledons Belong Ing To The Series Liliiflorae, And Generally Regarded As Representing The Typical Order Of Monocotyledons. The Plants Are Generally Perennial Herbs Growing From A Bulb Or Rhizome, Sometimes Shrubby As In Butcher's Broom (ruscus) Or Tree-like As In Species Of Dracaena, Yucca ...
Lilith
Lilith, A Female Demon Of Jewish Folk-lore, Equivalent To The English Vampire. The Personality And Name ("night-mon Ster") Are Derived From A Babylonian-assyrian Demon Lilit Or Lilu. Lilith Was Believed To Have A Special Power For Evil Over Children. The Superstition Was Extended To A Cult Surviving Among Some Jews ...
Lily
Lily, Lilium, The Typical Genus Of The Family Liliaceae, Em Bracing Nearly 6o Species, All Confined To The Northern Hemi Sphere, And Widely Distributed Throughout The North Temperate Zone. The Earliest In Cultivation Were Described In 1597 By Gerard (herball, P. 146), Who Figures Eight Kinds Of True Lilies, Which ...
Lima
Lima, A Coast Department Of Central Peru, Bounded On The North By Ancachs, East By Hu Anuco, Junin And Huancavelica, South By Ica And West By The Pacific ; Area 25,o52 Sq.m. ; Pop Ulation (estimate In 1927), 55o, 000. Within The Rainless Zone, The Department Includes The Western Slopes ...
Limburg
Limburg, One Of The Many Small Feudal States Into Which The Duchy Of Lower Lorraine Was Split Up In The Second Half Of The 11th Century. The First Count Was Walram Of Arlon, Who Married Judith, The Daughter Of Frederick Of Luxembourg, Duke Of Lower Lorraine (d. Io65), Who Bestowed ...
Limbus
Limbus, A Theological Term Denoting The Border Of Hell, Where Dwell Those Who, While Not Condemned To Torture, Yet Are Deprived Of The Joy Of Heaven. The More Common Form In Eng Lish Is "limbo," Which Is Used Both In The Technical Theological Sense And Derivatively In The Sense Of ...
Lime
Lime, The Name Given To A Viscous Exudation Of The Holly Tree, Used For Snaring Birds And Known As "bird-lime" (0. Eng. Urn, Lat. Limes, Mud, From Limere, To Smear) ; The Popular Name Of Calcium Oxide Or "quick-lime," A Substance Employed Since Very Early Times As A Component Of ...
Lime Or Linden
Lime Or Linden. The Lime Trees, Species Of Tilia, Are Familiar Timber Trees With Sweet-scented, Honeyed Flowers, Which Are Borne On A Common Peduncle Proceeding From The Middle Of A Long Bract. The Genus, Which Gives The Name To The Family Tiliaceae, Contains About Ten Species Of Trees, Natives Of ...
Limerick
Limerick, A Western County Of The Irish Free State, Prov Ince Of Munster, Bounded North By The Shannon Estuary And The Counties Of Clare And Tipperary, East By Tipperary, South By Cork And West By Kerry. The Area Is 680,842 Acres, Or About 1,064 Sq.m. Pop. (1926) 100,244. This Is ...
Limerick_2
Limerick, A County Borough, Port And The Chief Town Of Co. Limerick, Ireland, Occupying Both Banks And An Island (king's Island) Of The River Shannon, At The Head Of Its Estuary, 129 M. W.s.w. Of Dublin By Rail. Pop. (1926) 39,69o. Limerick Is Said To Have Been The Regia Of ...
Limericks
Limericks. The Origin Of This Very Popular Type Of Nonsense-verse Is Lost In Obscurity, And Recent Research Work Has Done Little To Pierce The Gloom. Nor Is It Known For What Reason The Name "limerick" Is Attached To It. The Theory That The Title Derives From The Chorus "will You ...
Limes Germanicus
Limes Germanicus. The Latin Limes Denoted A Path, A Boundary Path, Or Boundary ; Hence It Was Utilized To Denote Fron Tiers Marked In Some Distinct Fashion. In The Sense Of Frontiers, The Term Has Been Extended By Modern Historians. Thus The Wall Of Hadrian In North England (see Britain ...
Limestone
Limestone, In Petrography, A Rock Consisting Essentially Of Calcium Carbonate ("carbonate Of Lime"). Many Varieties Are Included Within The Group, Some Of Which Are Very Distinct, But All Have Certain Properties In Common, Arising From The Similar Chemical Composition, And Mineralogical Characters. All Lime Stones, Exclusive Of Dolomite (q.v.) Dissolve ...
Liming
Liming. Among The Various Constituents Of Soil Essential To Plant Growth Are Some Which Are Apt To Be Deficient, And Where That Is The Case The Supply Must Be Increased To Ensure Successful Cultivation. They Are Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, Potash And Lime. Lime Is Most Commonly Deficient In Sandy Soils ...
Limit
Limit, A Mathematical Concept Of Great Importance Which Has Emerged Slowly Through Long Historical Stages ; It Is Best Pre Sented Through An Account Of Its Origin And Development. Among The Ancients The Method Of Exhaustion Played The Role Which In More Recent Times Has Been Taken By The Method ...
Limoges
Limoges, A Town Of West-central France, Capital Of The Department Of Haute-vienne, Formerly Capital Of The Old Province Of Limousin, 176 M. S. By W. Of Orleans On The Railway To Toulouse And A Junction For Poitiers, Angouleme, Perigueux And Clermont Ferrand. Pop. (1931) 83,362. Limoges Sent A Large Force ...
Limonite Or Brown Iron Ore
Limonite Or Brown Iron-ore, A Natural Ferric Hydrate Named From The Gr. Xetac'ev (meadow), In Allusion To Its Oc Currence As Bog-ore In Meadows And Marshes. It Is Never Crys Tallized, Occurring In Earthy Or Compact Masses Which Are Some Times Mammillated, Botryoidal, Reniform Or Stalactitic And May Have A ...
Limousin
Limousin (or Leonard (c. 1577), French Painter, The Most Famous Of A Family Of Seven Limoges Enamel Painters, Was The Son Of A Limoges Innkeeper. He Was At The Beginning Of His Career Influenced By The German School— Indeed, His Earliest Authenticated Work, Signed L. L. And Dated 1532, Is ...
Limousin_2
Limousin, A Former Province Of France. In The Time Of Julius Caesar The Pages Lemovicinus Covered The County Now Comprised In The Departments Of Haute-vienne, Correze And Creuse, With The Arrondissements Of Confolens In Charente And Nontron In Dordogne. These Limits It Retained Until The Loth Century, And They Survived ...
Limpopo Or
Limpopo Or Crocodile, A River Of S.e. Africa Over ',coo M. In Length, Next To The Zambezi The Largest River Of Africa Entering The Indian Ocean. Its Head Streams Rise On The Northern Slopes Of The Witwatersrand Less Than 30o M. Due W. Of The Sea, But The River Makes ...
Linacre
Linacre (or Lynaker) , Thomas 0-1524) , Eng Lish Humanist And Physician, Was Probably Born At Canterbury. He Attended The Cathedral School Of Canterbury, Then Under The Direction Of William Celling (william Tilly Of Selling), One Of The Earliest Greek Scholars In England. Linacre Entered Oxford About The Year 1480, ...
Lincoln
Lincoln, The Capital City Of Nebraska, U.s.a., And The County Seat Of Lancaster County, 55 M. S.w. Of Omaha, On Salt Creek. It Is On Federal Highways 38 And 77; And Is Served By The Burlington, The Chicago And North Western, The Missouri Pacific, The Rock Island And The Union ...
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire, An Eastern County Of England, Bounded North, By The Humber, East By The North Sea And The Wash, South East For 3 M. By Norfolk, South By Cambridge And Northampton Shire, South-west By Rutland, West By Leicestershire And Notting Hamshire, And North-west By Yorkshire. The Area Is 2,646 Sq. ...