Johann Friedrich 1789 1869 Overbeck
Overbeck, Johann Friedrich (1789-1869) , German The Reviver Of "christian Art" In The 19th Cen Tury, Was Born In Lubeck On The 4th Of July 1789. His Ancestors For Three Generations Had Been Protestant Pastors; His Father Was Doctor Of Laws, Poet, Mystic Pietist And Burgomaster Of Lubeck. In 1806, ...
John 1550 1617 Napier
Napier, John (1550-1617), Scottish Mathematician, The Inventor Of Logarithms, Was Born In Merchiston Near Edinburgh In 1550, And Was The Eighth Napier Of Merchiston. He Matricu Lated At St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews, In 1563. Very Little Is Known Of His Life At This Time, But It Is Plain From ...
John 1616 1683 Owen
Owen, John (1616-1683), English Nonconformist Divine, Was Born At Stadham In Oxfordshire In 1616, And Educated At Queen's College, Oxford. He Was Chaplain And Tutor In The Families, First Of Sir Robert Dormer, And Later Of Lord Lovelace, But Lost His Place By Siding With Parliament In The Civil War. ...
John 1653 1683 Oldham
Oldham, John (1653-1683), English Satirist, Son Of A Presbyterian Minister, Was Born At Shipton Moyne, Near Tetbury, Gloucestershire, On Aug. 9, 1653. He Graduated From St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, In 1674, And Was For Three Years An Usher In Whit Gift's School, At Croydon. In 1681 He Became Tutor To ...
John 1657 1711 Norris
Norris, John (1657-1711 ) , English Philosopher And Divine, Was Born At Collingbourne-kingston In Wiltshire. He Was Educated At Winchester And Exeter College, Oxford, Being Subsequently Elected To A Fellowship At All Souls'. His First Original Work Was An Idea Of Happiness (1683), In Which, With Plato, He Places The ...
John 1725 1807 Newton
Newton, John (1725-1807), English Divine, The Friend Of William Cowper, Was Born In London On July 24, 1725 (o.s.). His Father, Who For A Long Time Was Master Of A Ship In The Medi Terranean Trade, Became In 1748 Governor Of York Fort, Hudson Bay, Where He Died In 1751. ...
John 1745 1826 Nichols
Nichols, John (1745-1826), English Printer And Author, Was Born At Islington On Feb. 2, 1745. He Edited The Gentleman's Magazine From 1778 Till His Death, And In That Periodical, And In His Numerous Volumes Of Anecdotes And Illustrations, He Made Invaluable Contributions To The Personal History Of English Men Of ...
John 1815 1899 Nixon
Nixon, John (1815-1899), English Mining Engineer And Colliery Proprietor, Was Born At Barlow, Durham, On May Io, 1815, The Son Of A Farmer. He Was A Mine-surveyor On The South Wales Coalfield, And He Then Became Engineer To A French Coal And Iron Company. Returning To England, He Noticed While ...
John 1822 1857 Nicholson
Nicholson, John (1822-1857), Anglo-indian Soldier And Administrator, Son Of Alexander Nicholson, A North Of Ireland Physician, Was Born On Dec. Ii, 1822, And Educated At Dungannon College. He Was Presented With A Cadetship In The Bengal Infan Try In 1839 By His Uncle Sir James Hogg, And Served In The ...
John De Vere Oxford
Oxford, John De Vere, 13th Earl Of (1443-1513), Was Second Son Of John, The 12th Earl, A Prominent Lancastrian, Who, With His Eldest Son Aubrey De Vere, Was Executed In Febru Ary 1462. John De Vere The Younger Was Himself Attainted, But Two Years Later Was Restored As 13th Earl. ...
John Dudley Northumberland
Northumberland, John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, Earl Of Warwick, And Duke Of (c. 1502-1553), Was The Eldest Son Of Henry Vii.'s Minister, Edmund Dudley (q.v ), By His Second Wife Elizabeth, Daughter Of Edward Grey, Viscount Lisle, And Co-heiress Of Her Brother John, Viscount Lisle. He Was Probably Descended From The ...
John Henry Newman
Newman, John Henry (1801-189o), English Cardi Nal, Was Born In London On Feb. 21, 1801, The Eldest Son Of John Newman, Banker, Of The Firm Of Ramsbottom, Newman And Company. At The Age Of Seven Newman Was Sent To A Private School Conducted By Dr. Nicholas At Ealing. At The ...
John Owen
Owen, John [ovenus Or Audoenus] (c. 1560-1622), Welsh Epigrammatist, Born At Plas Dhu, Carnarvonshire, About 156o, Was Educated At Winchester School, And At New College, Oxford. He Was A Fellow Of His College From 1584 To 1591, When He Became A Schoolmaster, First At Trelleck, Near Monmouth, And Then At ...
Jose Celestino Mutis
Mutis, Jose Celestino Spanish Natural Ist, Was Born At Cadiz On April 6, 1732. He Received His Bache Lor's Degree At The University Of Seville And Afterwards Studied Medicine At Madrid Where In The General Hospital He Became For A Time A Lecturer In Anatomy. His Preference, However, Was For ...
Juan Fernandez Navarrete
Navarrete, Juan Fernandez Surnamed El Mudo (the Mute), Spanish Painter Of The Madrid School, Was Born At Logrofio In 1526. An Illness In Infancy De Prived Him Of His Hearing, But At A Very Early Age He Began To Express His Wants By Sketching Objects With A Piece Of Charcoal. ...
Karl Wilhelm Von Naegeli
Naegeli, Karl Wilhelm Von Swiss Botanist, Was Born On March 26, 1817, Near Zurich. He Studied Botany Under A. P. De Candolle At Geneva, Graduated At Zurich In 1840, Then Devoted Himself To The Microscopical Study Of Plants. Soon After Graduation He Became Privatdozent And Subsequently Professor Extraordinary, In The ...
Karsten 1733 1815 Niebuhr
Niebuhr, Karsten (1733-1815) German Traveller, Was Born At Liidingworth, Lauenburg, Holstein, On March 17, 1733, The Son Of A Farmer. He Worked As A Peasant In His Early Years, But Managed To Learn Surveying. In 176o He Was Invited To Join The Expedition Which Was Being Sent Out By Frederick ...
Kingdom Of Naples
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Lake Ontario
Ontario, Lake, The Smallest And Most Easterly Of The Great Lakes Of North America, Is Bounded On The North By The Province Of Ontario And On The South By The State Of New York. It Is Roughly Elliptical, Its Major Axis, 18o M. Long, Lies Nearly East And West, And ...
Laurence 1829 1888 Oliphant
Oliphant, Laurence (1829-1888), British Author, Son Of Anthony Oliphant (1793-1859), Was Born At Cape Town. His Father Was Then Attorney-general In Cape Colony, But Was Soon Transferred As Chief-justice To Ceylon. The Boy's Education Was Of The Most Desultory Kind. In The Years 1848 And 1849 He Accompanied His Parents ...
Law Relating To Nonconformity
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Lorenz 1779 1851 Oken
Oken, Lorenz (1779-1851), German Naturalist, Whose Real Name Was Ockenfuss, Was Born At Bohlsbach, Baden, On Aug. I, 1779. He Studied At Wiirzburg And Gottingen, Where He Became Privatdozent. In 1807 He Was Appointed Professor Ex Traordinarius Of Medical Sciences At Jena. His Inaugural Discourse On The Signification Of The ...
Louis Charles Philippe Raphael
Nemours, Louis Charles Philippe Raphael, Duc De (1814-1896), Second Son Of The Duke Of Orleans, Afterwards King Louis Philippe, Was Born On Oct. 25, 1814. In 1830 He Became A Chevalier Of The Order Of The Saint Esprit And Entered The Chamber Of Peers. As Early As 1825 His Name ...
Louis Philippe Joseph Orleans
Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke Of (1747-1793), Called Philippe Egaliti, Son Of Louis Philippe, Duke Of Orleans, And Of Louise Henriette Of Bourbon-conti, Was Born At St. Cloud On April 13, 1747. Having Borne The Title Of Duke Of Montpensier Until His Grandfather's Death In 1752, He Be Came Duke ...
Main Properties Of Divisibility
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Manus Odonnell
Manus O'donnell (d. 1564), Son Of Hugh Dubh O'donnell, Was Left To Rule Tyrconnel During His Father's Pilgrimage To Rome About 1511; And Retained The Chief Authority When Hugh Dubh Returned. A Family Quarrel Ensued, But With The Help Of The O'neills, Manus Established His Hold Over Tyrconnel. In 1522, ...
Marcus Cocceius Ad Nerva
Nerva, Marcus Cocceius (a.d. Em Peror From Sept. 18, 96 To Jan. 25, 98, Was Born At Narnia In Umbria On Nov. 8, Probably In The Year 35. He Came Of A Sen Atorial Family, His Father And Grandfather Having Been Jurists. He Was Praetor (66) And Twice Consul, In ...
Marcus Salvius Ad 32 69
Otho, Marcus Salvius (a.d. 32-69), Roman Em Peror, Was Born On April 28, A.d. 32. He Appears First As One Of The Wildest Of Nero's Court. In 58 He Refused To Divorce His Wife Poppaea Sabina At Nero's Bidding, And Was Thereupon Sent To Be Governor Of Lusitania, Where He ...
Marquis Okuma Shigenobu
Okuma (shigenobu), Marquis Japa Nese Statesman, Was Born In The Province Of Hizen In 1838. His Father Was An Officer In The Artillery. He Was Able To Acquire In His Youth A Knowledge Of English And Dutch, And By The Help Of Missionaries He Obtained Books In Those Languages On ...
Martin Opitz Von Boberfeld
Opitz Von Boberfeld, Martin German Poet, Was Born At Bunzlau, Silesia, On Dec. 23, 1597, And Studied At Frankfurt-on-oder, Iieidelberg And Leyden. He Led A Wandering Life In The Service Of Various Territorial Nobles. In 1624 He Was Appointed Councillor To Duke George Rudolf Of Liegnitz And Brieg In Silesia, ...
Medals Of Other Countries
Medals Of Other Countries France.—before 1802 Gallantry In The Field Was Awarded By Grants Of Swords Of Honour, Muskets Of Honour And Other Weapons But In That Year Napoleon Instituted The Legion D'honour. The Original Cross Of The Legion Of Honour Was A White Enamel Gold Badge, With Five Rays ...
Mediaeval And Later European
Mediaeval And Later European Coins With The Fall Of The Western Empire, The Coinage Of The Byzan Tine Empire Became The Great Influence In European Currency. The Byzantine Period In Coinage May Be Considered To Begin In The Reign Of Anastasius. The Coins Are In The Three Metals, But The ...
Michel 1769 1815 Ney
Ney, Michel (1769-1815), Duke Of Elchingen, Prince Of The Moskowa, Marshal Of France, Was Born At Saarlouis On Jan. 1o, 1769. His Father Was A Cooper, And He Received Only A Rudimentary Education. In 1788 He Went To Metz And Enlisted In A Regiment Of Hussars; In 1792 He Was ...
Modern Aids To Navigation
Modern Aids To Navigation Directional Wireless.—determining The Position Of A Ship At Sea By Means Of Directional Wireless Telegraphy (see Wireless) Is Of Inestimable Value To Ships In Thick Weather, When Approaching The Land. The Bearing Of The Shore Station From The Ship Can Be Obtained Either By Means Of ...
Modern Army Officers
Modern Army Officers The Ranks Of Officers Of A Modern Army Are Therefore As Follows:— (a) Field-marshal:—in Spain, Capitan—general; In France, Marechall; In Germany, Generaloberst; In Italy, Maresciallo.' (b) General:—in The British Army This Officer Is Not Identified With Any Particular Arm But Generally Commands An Army, Of All Arms. ...
Modern Developments In The
Novel, Modern Developments In The. Towards The Close Of The Last Century, There Arose As A Reaction From The Naturalistic Novel, A School Of Neo-romantic Psycholo Gists, Sceptically Sentimental, And Fond Of Lyrical "nuances." Types Such As Oscar Wilde's Dorian Grey Were Popular, Also The Gentle, Pallid, Aristocratic, Weary Heroes ...
Mushroom
Mushroom. The Edible Fungus Of This Name Is Known Botanically As Agaricus Campestris Or Psalliota Campestris. It Grows In Short Grass In The Temperate Re Gions Of All Parts Of The World. Many Edible Fungi Depend Upon Minute And Often Ob Scure Botanical Characters For Their De Termination, And May ...
Music
Music. The Greek (se. Rixv70 From Which This Word Is Derived Was Used Comprehensively For All The Arts Of The Nine Muses. Contrasted With Yugvaarto) (gymnastic) It Included The Culture Of The Mind As Distinguished From That Of The Body. Thus The Singing And Setting Of Lyric Poetry Formed But ...
Music Printing
Music Printing. Printed Music Originated Soon After The Invention Of Typography And The Year 1465 Is Given As The Earliest Date Of Any Record Of Its Existence. At First The Method Was Only Used For Printing The Staves In Red Ink From A Woodcut, The Notes Being Written In By ...
Music From Electric Oscillations
Music From Electric Oscillations. The Mathematical Theory Of Electric Oscillations Was Given By Lord Kelvin So Long Ago As 1853, In A Famous Paper In The Philosoph Ical Magazine Called "transient Currents." Helmholtz Had Al Ready Shown That The Conservation Of Energy Required An Electric Discharge Under Certain Conditions, Even ...
Musical Comedy
Musical Comedy, A Popular Form Of Theatrical Enter Tainment, Developed Almost Exclusively By The English-speaking Peoples. Clearly It Bears Little Relation To The Classical Opera Buffa Of Italy. For That Had No Spoken Dialogue, Its Place Being Taken By Recitativo Secco, A Formal And Rhetorical Delivery Of The Words, Supported ...
Musical Notation
Musical Notation, A Graphic Method Of Representing Sounds To The Ear Through The Medium Of The Eye. It Is Probable That The Earliest Attempts At Notation Were Made By The Hindus And Chinese, From Whom The Principle Was Transferred To Greece. The Exact Nature Of The Greek Notation Is A ...
Musk
Musk, The Name Originally Given To A Perfume Obtained From The Strong-smelling Substance Secreted In A Gland By The Musk-deer (q.v.), And Hence Applied To Other Animals, And Also To Plants, Possessing A Similar Odour. The Variety Which Appears In Com Merce Is A Secretion Of The Musk-deer; But The ...
Musk Deer
Musk-deer (moschus Moschiferus), An Aberrant Deer, Presenting Many Peculiar Characteristics (see Deer). There Are No Antlers, But In Lieu Of Such Weapons The Upper Canine Teeth Of The Male Form Projecting Tusks. About Coin. High At The Shoulder, The Musk-deer Possesses Long Limbs, And There Is A Great Develop Ment ...
Musket
Musket, The Term Generally Applied To The Fire-arm Of The Infantry Soldier From About 1550 Up To And Even Beyond The Uni Versal Adoption Of Rifled Small-arms About 1850-6o. The Word Originally Signified A Male Sparrowhawk (italian Moschetto, De Rived Perhaps Ultimately From Latin Musca, A Fly) And Its Applica ...
Muskogee
Muskogee (mils-ko'ge), A City Of Eastern Oklahoma, U.s.a., 130 M. E.n.e. Of Oklahoma City, Near The Confluence Of The Verdigris, The Grand, And The Arkansas Rivers; County Seat Of Muskogee County. It Is On Federal Highways 64 And 73 ; Has A Well Equipped Airport (hat. Box Field) Controlled By ...
Muskogian Indians
Muskogian Indians. This Group Constituted One Of The Larger Speech Stocks Of Native North America, And Was Typical Of And Dominant In The South-eastern Area Of Aboriginal Culture, Comprising The Region From The Gulf Of Mexico To Tennessee, And From The Carolinas To Louisiana. The Muskogian Family Com Prised A ...
Mussel
Mussel, The Name Given To Certain Aquatic Bivalve Molluscs Of The Class Lamellibranchia. In Its Most Regular Usage It Is Ap Plied To The Marine Mytilidae, Of Which The Edible Mussel, Mytilus Edulis, Is The Most Familiar Example, And To The Fresh-water Genus Anodonta. The Members Of The Large Fresh-water ...
Musselburgh
Musselburgh, Burgh Of Regality, Midlothian, Scotland, 5 M. E. Of Edinburgh By The L.n.e.r. Pop. (1931), 16,996. The Burgh, Which Lies On The South Shore Of The Firth Of Forth, Is Intersected By The Esk And Embraces The Village Of Fisherrow On The Left Bank Of The River. While Preserving ...
Mustafa Kemal 1881 1938
Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938), Turkish Soldier And Statesman, Was Born In Comparatively Modest Circumstances In Salonika. His Father Was A Customs Officer Who Afterwards En Tered The Timber Trade And Died When Mustafa Was Yet A Small Child. The Boy Was Brought Up And Educated By His Mother, A Woman Of ...
Mustard
Mustard. The Varieties Of Mustard-seed Of Commerce Are Produced From Several Species Of The Genus Brassica (family Cruciferae). Of These The Principal Are The Black Mustard, Brassica Nigra (sinapis Nigra), The White Mustard, Brassica Alba, And The Sarepta Mustard, B. Juncea. Both The White And Black Mustards Are Cultivated To ...
Mutilations And Deformations
Mutilations And Deformations. In Every Part Of The World To-day, Both In Civilised As Well As Uncivilised Communities Some Form Of Mutilation Of The Human Body Is Found; But The Widest Variety Of Mutilations As Well As The Most Severe Occur Among The More Primitive Peoples. Early Historians And Writers, ...
Mutton
Mutton. Next To Beef And Pork, Mutton Is The Most Popular Form Of Meat Among Carnivorous Peoples, But Its Con Sumption Is Relatively Small Except In Great Britain. The Total Number Of Sheep In The World, According To The Statistics Pub Lished By The International Agricultural Institute, Is Rather Larger ...
Muttra Or Mathura
Muttra Or Mathura, A City And District Of British India In The Agra Division Of The United Provinces. The City Is On The Right Bank Of The Jumna, 3o M. Above Agra ; Pop. (1931), 64,029. It Is An Ancient Town, Mentioned By Fa Hien As A Centre Of Buddhism ...
Muzaffar Ed Din
Muzaffar-ed-din, Shah Of Persia (1853-1907), The Second Son Of Shah Nasr-ed-din, Was Born On March 25, 1853. He Was In Due Course Declared Vali And, Or Heir-apparent, And Invested With The Governorship Of Azerbaijan, But On The Assassi Nation Of His Father In 1896 It Was Feared That His Elder ...
Mycenae
Mycenae, One Of The Most Ancient Cities Of Greece. The Citadel On The Summit Is Triangular With Sides Facing North, South East And South-west. Part Of The South-eastern Wall And The Palace Within Have Been Undermined By The Torrent Which Bounds The Lower Town On The East. For The Artistic ...
Mycology
Mycology Is The Science Of Fungi (greek A Mush Room, Xo-yos , Discourse), And Is Dealt With In The Article Fungi. Myconius, Friedrich (1490-1546), Lutheran Di Vine, Was Born On Dec. 26, 149o, At Lichtenfels On The Main, Of Worthy And Pious Parents, Whose Family Name Was Mecum. While A ...
Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhiza. The Roots Of Land Plants Live In Soil, Com Peting Therein For Water And Nutrients With A Crowded Population Of Micro-organisms. They Are Surrounded By A Rich And Varied Fungus Flora Many Members Of Which Are Potential Parasites, But The Majority Of Roots Are Relatively Immune To Such Parasitic ...
Myelitis
Myelitis. A Medical Term For Destructive Changes In Volving The Spinal Cord. As The Termination "itis" Indicates, These Changes Formerly Were Regarded As Inflammatory, But It Is Now Known That Although The Spinal Meninges Are Affected By Inflam Mation, Nervous Substance Is Rarely, If Ever, "inflamed" Because Of Its Paucity ...
Mylodon
Mylodon, An Extinct Genus Of Large Ground-sloths Char Acteristic Of The Pleistocene Of The New World. The Animal Was Of The Size Of A Rhinoceros, With Short Stout Limbs, Very Large Digging Claws, Five Digits On Each Foot, But The Outer Ones Have No Claws, A Broad Body And Massive ...
Mymensingh
Mymensingh, A Town And District Of British India, In The Dacca Division Of Bengal. The Town (formerly Known As Nasirabad) Is Situated On An Old Channel Of The Brahmaputra, 'and Has A Station Of The Eastern Bengal State Railway. Pop. (1931) 30,480. The District Of Mymensingh, With An Area Of ...
Myrrh
Myrrh, A Gum-resin (see Resins), Highly Esteemed By The Ancients As An Unguent And Perfume, Used For Incense In Temples And Also In Embalming; It Was One Of The Gifts Offered By The Magi. True Myrrh Is The Product Of Commiphora Myrrha, A Small Tree Of The Family Burseraceae That ...
Mysia
Mysia, A District Of North West Asia Minor, Bounded By Lydia And Phrygia On The South, By Bithynia On The North-east, And By The Propontis And Aegean Sea On The North And West. Its Precise Limits Are Difficult To As Sign, The Phrygian Frontier Being Vague And Fluctuating; While In ...
Mysore
Mysore, A Native State Of Southern India, Almost Surrounded By The Madras Presidency, But In Political Relations With The Governor-general. It Is Naturally Divided Into Two Regions Of Dis Tinct Character—the Hill Country Called The Malnad, On The West, And The More Open Country Known As The Maidan, Comprising The ...
Mystery Stories
Mystery Stories Resolve Themselves Into Many Types Or Classes, Of Which The Principal Are Riddle Stories, Ghost Stories And Detective Stories. The Third Of These Classes Deserves To Be Classed As A Separate Branch Of Fiction From The Very Nature Of Its Construction. By His Terms Of Reference, The Author ...