National Insurance Widowsand
National Insurance : Widows' And Or Phans' Pensions. The First Quarter Of The Loth Century Was Remarkable For The Rapid Development Of Schemes Of Social Insurance. The Article That Follows Deals With Developments In Europe. These Do Not Exist In The United States Except In The Form Of Mothers' Pensions, ...
National Provincial Bank Limited
National Provincial Bank Limited. This Great British Banking Institution, One Of The "big Five" (see Banks, History Of), Has Over 1,200 Branches In London And The Provinces. The Amalgamation Movement Wrought Great Changes In The English Banking System, And The National Provincial Bank Has Been Closely Identified With It, Particularly ...
National Savings
National Savings. Estimates Of Aggregate National Savings May Proceed Upon Two Quite Distinct Bases: (a) That Amount Which Is Definitely Saved Out Of The National Income From Current Consumption For Capital Purposes. (b) The Net Additions To National Resources. If A Man Spares Out Of His Income £200 To Build ...
National Workshops
National Workshops (in French, Ateliers Natio Naux), The Term Applied To The Workshops Established To Provide Work For The Unemployed By The French Provisional Government After The Revolution Of 1848. (the Term Is Also Incorrectly Applied To The Proposed Ateliers Sociaux Of Louis Blanc [q.v.], State Supported Co-operative Productive Societies.) ...
Nationality And Naturalization
Nationality And Naturalization. Nation Ality May Be Defined As The Quality Of Being A National Of A Given State. It May Be Pointed Out By Way Of Abundant Caution That In The British Empire The Term Nationality Is Used Only In The Political Sense, Since The Empire Having No Common ...
Natural Gas
Natural Gas Is The Name Given To The Inflammable Gas Which Occurs In Porous, Sub-surface, Imperviously Capped Earth Formations. Petroleum Is Found In Many Instances With The Gas. Brine Waters Are Generally Present. The Occurrence Of Natural Gas Is Wide-spread Both Geographically And Geologically. Geo Graphically, Natural Gas Is Produced ...
Nature
Nature. In The History Of Philosophy The Term "nature" Has Been Used In Various Inconsistent Senses, Corresponding More Or Less To The Different Attitudes Which Thinkers Adopted Towards The Material Part Of The World In Relation To The Rest. The Early Greek Thinkers Known As The Hylozoists Were Not Conscious ...
Nature Reserves
Nature Reserves. The Name Nature Reserve Has Been Applied Rather Vaguely To Any Area Withdrawn From Ordinary Human Interference So That The Flora And Fauna, As Well As The Phys Ical Changes Of Ground, May Follow Their Natural Course. Included Among Motives For Reservation Is The Desire To Preserve The ...
Naukratis
Naukratis, An Ancient Greek Settlement In Egypt. The Site Was Discovered By Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie In 1884, On The Eastern Bank Of A Canal, About 1 O M. W. Of The Present Rosetta Branch Of The Nile. In Ancient Times It Was Approached By The Canopic Mouth, Which ...
Naundorff
Naundorff (or Naundorff), Karl Wilhelm (d. 1845), French Pretender, Claimed To Be The Dauphin, Louis Charles, Son Of Louis Xvi. And Marie Antoinette, Who Was An Nounced As Having Died In The Temple In 1795. Naundorff, Who Had Arrived From Nowhere In Berlin In 1810, With Papers Giving The Name ...
Nauvoo
Nauvoo, A City Of Hancock County, Illinois, U.s.a., On The Mississippi River At The Head Of The Lower Rapids And About 50 M. Above Quincy. Pop. (193o) 966. On The Opposite Bank Of The River Is Montrose, Iowa, Pop. (1930), 621, Served By The Chicago, Burlington And Quincy Railway. "commerce ...
Naval Articles
Naval Articles. The Subject Of Navies Generally Is Dealt With In The Article Navy And Navies. The Navies Of The Various Nations Are Dealt With Under The Name Of Each Nation, But Separate Articles Have Been Allotted To The Various Types Of Warships, E.g., Aircraft Carrier, Battle Ship, Cruiser, Destroyer, ...
Naval Gun Mountings
Naval Gun Mountings These May Be Divided Into Two Main Classes :—(a) Deck Mountings Attached To The Ship Taking Guns In Classes (i), (2) And (3). (b) Turret Mountings Built Into The Ship To Take Guns In Class (4). These Are Invariably Worked By Power, Usually Hydraulic, Though Certain Nations, ...
Naval Gun Sights And
Naval Gun Sights And Gunlaying Sights Fitted With Telescopes Are Attached To The Cradle Or Con Nected With The Trunnions Of The Slide. Setting The Range On The Sight Gives It An Angle Of Depression With The Gun's Axis. The Movement Of The Gun Necessary To Aline The Sight On ...
Naval Guns
Naval Guns It Is Convenient To Classify Naval Guns In Four Categories:— (1) Automatic Guns.—these Are Small Calibre Machines Guns In Which The Loading Action Is Entirely Performed By The Recoil Energy. Such Guns, Of Which The 2-pdr. Pom-pom Is Typical, Are Used For Anti-aircraft Purposes, Arming Boats And Operations ...
Naval Ordnance
Naval Ordnance Naval Ordnance' Is Distinguished From Field Ordnance By The Circumstance That The Guns Are Carried On A Rapidly Moving Plat Form Subject To The Uncertain Oscillations Of A Ship At Sea, And Are Required To Hit A Rapidly Moving Object. This Entails Special Mountings, With Very Sensitive Training, ...
Naval Stores
Naval Stores, A Trade Name For The Products Derived From The Oleoresin (gum Or Pitch) Of The Pine Tree. As Originally Used The Term Included All Raw Materials Used In Building And Main Taining Sailing Vessels As For Instance, Tar, Pitch, Rosin, Flax, Cordage, Masts And Timber. The Possibility Of ...
Naval Strategy And Tactics
Naval Strategy And Tactics. Naval Strategy In Its Broad Sense Does Not Differ In Principle From Any Other War Strategy. It May Be Defined As The Disposition Of Forces Vis-à-vis Those Of The Enemy Outside The Actual Battle Arena. The Term Must Not Be Confused With Tactics, Which Relate To ...
Navarre
Navarre, A Province Of Northern Spain, And Formerly A Kingdom Which Included Part Of France. The Province Is Bounded On The North By France (basses Pyrenees) And Guipuzcoa, East By Huesca And Saragossa, South By Saragossa And Logrolio And West By Alava. It Is Traversed From East To West By ...
Nave
Nave, Ecclesiastically Considered, That Part Of A Church Appropriated To The Laity As Distinguished From The Chancel, The Choir Or The Presbytery, Reserved For The Clergy. In A 14th Century Letter (quoted In Gasquet's Parish Life In Medieval England, 1906, P. 45) From A Bishop Of Coventry And Lichfield To ...
Navigation
Navigation. The Science Or Art Of Conducting A Ship Across The Sea. The Term Is Also Popularly Used In Connection With Boats On Rivers And Lakes And With Flying-machines, Although In This Latter Case The Science Is Often And Correctly Termed Air Navigation. Navigation Is Technically Limited To The Art ...
Navigation Laws
Navigation Laws. Historically This Expression Refers To Laws Passed At Various Times And Places To Restrict Commerce To Ships Of A Particular Nationality, But, In Another Sense, Naviga Tion Laws Are Those Which Lay Down Rules Of The Road And In Other Ways Regulate The Actual Navigation Of Ships. With ...
Navy And Navies
Navy And Navies. Originally The Navy Of A Country Meant The Whole Of Its Shipping, Whether Used For War, The Carry Ing Of Merchandise Or Fishing. In Modern Parlance, However, The Word Is Generally Taken To Mean A Nation's Warships And Craft Of Every Kind Maintained For Fighting On, Under ...
Nazareth
Nazareth, A Town Of Lower Galilee, On The Northern Border Of The Plain Of Esdraelon, 1,600 Ft. Above Sea-level. The Population In 1931 Was 8,756 (3,226 Muslims, 5,445 Christians). There Are Numerous Places Of Worship And Charitable Institutions In The Town. The Industries Are Lace-knitting, And The Manufacture Of Mementoes ...
Nazarite
Nazarite Or, Better, Nazirite, The Name Given By The Hebrews To A Peculiar Kind Of Devotee. The Characteristic Marks Of A Nazarite Were Unshorn Locks And Abstinence From Wine (judges Xiii. 5; I Sam. I. I I ; Amos Ii. I I Seq.) ; But Full Regula Tions For The ...
Nazi
Nazi, A Popular Abbreviation For A Member Of Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workingmen's Party (na Tionalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, Commonly Designated By Its Initials, Nsdap). The Nickname Originated From The Ger Man Pronunciation Of The First Two Syllables Of "national." The Nazi Party Was Formed By Hitler And Six Comrades ...
Neath
Neath (welsh, Castell-nedd), A Municipal Borough And Market-town Of Glamorganshire, South Wales, Situated Near The Mouth Of The Neath Or Nedd, On The G.w.r., 71 M. E.n.e. Of Swansea. Pop. (1931) 33,322. The Town Perhaps Occupies The Site Of The Roman Nidum On The Julia Maritima From Which A Vicinal ...
Nebo Or Nabu
Nebo Or Nabu ("the Proclaimer"), The Accadian Translation Of Various Sumerian Ideograms For The God Of Wisdom And Writing, The Main Seat Of Whose Worship Was At Borsippa—south-west Of Babylon. It Is Due To The Close Association Of Borsippa With Baby Lon After The Period When Babylon Became The Centre ...
Nebraska
Nebraska, Styled "the Tree Planters' State" By Act Of Legislature On April 4, 1895, Is Near The Centre Of The United States Of America, Lying Approximately Between 4o° And 43° N. Lat. And Between 95° And 104° Long. W. From Greenwich. It Is Bounded On The North By South Dakota, ...
Nebuchadrezzar Or Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadrezzar Or Nebuchadnezzar, King Of Babylon, The Nal3outcoop6cropos Of The Greeks. The First And Last Are Nearer To The Original Name As It Is Found On The Cuneiform Monuments, Viz., Nabu-kudurri-usur, "nebo, Defend The Land Mark." Nebuchadrezzar Seems To Have Been Of Chaldean Origin. He Married Amuhia, Daughter Of The ...
Nebula
Nebula, In Astronomy, The Name Given To Certain Luminous Patches In The Sky. (latin For "mist," Greek Pe4ex77). Dark Nebulae Are Also Known. The Smaller Luminous Nebulae Resemble Distant Comets When Seen In A Telescope Of Moderate Power But Can Be Easily Distinguished From Them, Because The Latter, Being Within ...
Neck
Neck, That Part Of The Body Which Connects The Head With The Trunk (see Anatomy : Superficial And Artistic). The Word Is Transferred To Many Objects Resembling This Part Of The Body In Shape Or Function ; It Is Thus Applied To An Isthmus, Or To The Nar Rowest Portion ...
Needle
Needle. An Instrument Adapted For Passing A Thread Through Fabrics In Sewing, Consisting Of A Thin Rod Of Steel, Having A Pointed End And Pierced With A Hole Or "eye" To Carry The Thread. The Modern High Quality Needle Is Made From Sheffield Crucible Cast Steel. The Type Of Steel ...
Needlework
Needlework. This Subject May Be Considered Under The Two Headings: (i) Plain Needlework, For Purely Utilitarian Pur Poses; (2) Art Needlework, For Decorative Purposes. Plain Needle Work Requires No Such Further Explanation As May Be Given In The Case Of Art Needlework, Under Which Title Are Included Em Broidery And ...
Negligence
Negligence, A Ground Of Civil Law Liability, And In Crim Inal Law An Element In Several Offences, The Most Conspicuous Of Which Is Manslaughter By Negligence. In Order To Establish Civil Liability On The Ground Of Negligence, Three Things Must Be Proved --a Duty To Take Care Of, The Absence ...
Negro
Negro, The Designation Of The Dis Tinctly Dark-skinned,as Opposed To The Fair, Yellow And Brown Races Of Mankind (from Lat. Niger,black). In This Sense It Embraces The Dark Races, Of The Intertropical And Sub-tropical Regions Of The Eastern Hemis Phere, From Senegambia, West Africa, To The Fijian Islands In The ...
Negro Art
Negro Art Negro Art, In The Broader Sense, May Be Said To Include Work Portraying Negro Life By Other Than Negro Artists; In A Narrower Sense, To Include All The Work Of Negro Artists. The Negro Himself, Though Possessing A Strong African Heritage In Craft And Decora Tive Art, Was ...
Negro Economic Life
Negro Economic Life Following Emancipation, In 1865, The Large Majority Of Negroes Gainfully Employed Were In Agriculture. In 1890 There Were 1,362,713 Negro Agricultural Labourers; In 1920, 1,192,504. In 1910 More Than One-fourth Of The Negro Female Population Ten Years Of Age And Over Were Employed In Agriculture. By Thrift ...
Negro Education C E
Negro Education (c . E. Ha.) Prior To The Emancipation Of Negroes In The United States In 1865 There Were Isolated Instances In Both The North And South Of The Establishment Of Schools For Free Negroes. Negligible Effects Attended These Efforts, However, Because Of Opposition In The North And Legislative ...
Negro Folklore
Negro Folklore The Folk-lore Of The Negro Of The United States, For All Its Sur Face Appearance Of Naïve Simplicity, Is A Complex Thing. Its Ori Gins Are Mixed, And Often Lost In Obscurity. Some Elements Are Clearly African In Their Beginnings, While Others Are As Definitely Related To The ...
Negro Music
Negro Music American Negro Music Consists Almost Entirely Of Folk-music, The Proportion Of It Written By Individual Composers Being Com Paratively Small. This Music Is Of Many Kinds But It May Be Divided Into Two General Classifications, Sacred And Secular. The Sacred Music Consists Of The Well Known Spirituals, While ...
Negro Poetry
Negro Poetry As Early As The Year 176o Jupiter Hammon, A Slave Belonging To A Mr. Lloyd Of Queens Village, Long Island, N.y., Published A Poem 88 Lines In Length, Entitled An Evening Thought, Salvation By Christ, With Penitential Cries. Hammon Published Several Other Poems, All Of Them Religious. However, ...
Nejd
Nejd, A Kingdom Of Arabia, Occupying The Core Of That Ancient Land-block. The Old Block Has Been Uptilted On The West, Consequently Nejd Tends To Slope Very Gradually From West To East. The Name Itself Implies An Upland, And This Is Its Distinc Tine Character As Compared With The Adjoining ...
Nelson
Nelson, A Seaport Of New Zealand, The Seat Of A Bishop And Capital Of A Provincial District Of The Same Name; At The Head Of Tasman Bay On The Northern Coast Of The South Island. Pop. (1931) I O,800. The Woods And Fields In The Neighbourhood Abound With English Song-birds, ...
Nematoda
Nematoda, A Group Of Unsegmented Worms ("thread Worms"), Frequently Regarded As Forming, With The Nemato Morpha And Acanthocephala (qq.v.), A Phylum Nemathelminthes, But Of Extremely Doubtful Affinities. The Form Of The Body Is Generally Cylindrical, And The Worms Vary In Length From A Frac Tion Of A Millimetre To About ...
Nematomorpha
Nematomorpha (gordiacea Or "hairworms"), A Group Of Elongate, Thread-like, Unsegmented Worms, Probably Related To The Nematoda (q.v.), But Differing From Them In Certain Respects. The Adults Occur Mainly In Fresh Water (occasionally In Wet Earth), And Are Sometimes Found In Tangled Masses. The Species Vary In Length From A Few ...
Nemertinea Nemertines Or Nemerteans
Nemertinea (nemertines Or Nemerteans), A Group Of Unsegmented Worms Showing Considerable Resemblances To The Platyhelminthes (q.v.), But Generally Looked Upon As A Distinct Phylum. Almost All Nemertines Are Free-living, And The Majority Are Marine, Though A Few Live In Fresh Water Or Even On Land. Their Most Characteristic Feature Is ...
Nemorensis Lacus
Nemorensis Lacus (mod. Nemi), A Lake In The Alban Hills, In An Extinct Subsidiary Crater In The Outer Ring Of The Ancient Alban Crater, East Of The Lake Of Albano. It Is About 31 M. In Diameter And Some I I O Ft. Deep; The Precipitous Slopes Of Its Basin ...
Nennius
Nennius (fl. 796), A Welsh Writer To Whom We Owe The Historia Britonum, Wrote In Brecknock Or Radnor. His Work Exists In 3o Manuscripts, The Earliest Of Which Is Not Much Earlier Than The Year I 000. All Are Defaced By Interpolations Which Give To The Work So Confused A ...
Neo Hegelianism
Neo-hegelianism. For A Decade Or A Decade And A Half After 186o The History Of British And American Philosophy Is The Story Of A Growing Revolt Against The Empirical Method Of John Stuart Mill And His School. The Movement Might Have Died Had It Not Found Something Positive To Feed ...
Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism, The Name Given Specially To The Last School Of Pagan Philosophy, Which Grew Up Mainly Among The Greeks Of Alexandria From The 3rd Century Onwards. The Term Has Also Been Applied To The Italian Humanists Of The Renaissance, And In Modern Times, Somewhat Vaguely, To Thinkers Who Have Based ...
Neopythagoreanism
Neopythagoreanism, A Graeco-alexandrian School Of Philosophy, Which Became Prominent In The 1st Century A.d. Very Little Is Known About The Members Of This School, And There Has Been Much Discussion As To Whether The Pythagorean Literature Which Was Widely Published At The Time In Alexandria Was The Original Work Of ...
Nepal
Nepal, An Independent State, Situated On The North-eastern Frontier Of India, Lying Between 8o° And And 88° Io' E., And 26° 20' And 3o° O' N.; Area, 54,00o Square Miles. Its Extreme Length Is About 525 M., And Its Breadth Varies From 90 To 140 Miles. It Is Bounded On ...
Nepenthes
Nepenthes, An Egyptian Drug Spoken Of By Homer In The Odyssey (iv. 221). Generally In The Form "nepenthe" The Name Is Given To Any Drug Producing Exhilaration And Also Occa Sionally To The Herb Or Plant From Which Such A Drug Is Produced. It Is Also Applied To An Interesting ...
Nephelinites
Nephelinites. The Group Of Effusive Rocks Which Con Tains Nepheline With Plagioclase Felspar Is Subdivided Into Nephe Line-tephrites And Nepheline-basanites, While Those Which Contain Nepheline But Not Felspar Are Nephelinites And Nepheline-basalts. The Tephrites Differ From The Basanites In The Absence Of Olivine, And The Same Distinction Subsists Between The ...
Neptune
Neptune, W In Astronomy, Is The Outermost Of The Known Planets, Its Mean Distance From The Sun Being 2,793,500,00o Miles; And The Time Occupied In Completing A Revolution Is 164.8 Years. It Is Noteworthy That "bode's Law" (see Planet) Which Expresses With Considerable Accuracy The Relative Distances Of The Other ...