Fauna.—Mammals are scarce, with the exception of shrews, rats, mice and bats. The edentates are represented by the pangolin (Mattis javanica). Red or brown deer (Rosa) are found in Basilan, Mindanao, Leyte, Samar and the Calamian islands. The mouse deer or chevrotain (Tragalus nigricans) is found in Balabac and Palawan. The timarau (Bubalus mindorensis), a small buffalo, is peculiar to Mindoro. Carnivores are represented by mongooses (Mungos palawanus and M. parvus), the binturong (Arctictis whitei), an otter (Aonyx cinerea), civet cats (Viverra and Paradoxurus) and a small wildcat (Felix minuta) which is also found in Java. At least 56 species of bats are known, many being peculiar to the Philippines. The flying lemur (Cytocephalus volans) and tarsiers (Tarsius) range from Basilan to southern Luzon. Large fruit bats live in colonies and are sometimes hunted for their flesh and fur. Only one genus of monkey (Pithecus) has been found but it is represented by five species. Five new genera of small mammals (Celaenomys, Clirotomys, Rhynchotnys, Batomys and Carpomys) representing 15 species were discovered some years ago on a small plateau on the top of Mt. Data in northern Luzon, at an altitude of about 3,200 feet. There are about 76o species of birds which show rather strong relationship to those of Borneo. Reptiles and batrachians also abound.
The marine fauna is one of the most abundant known, more than i,000 species having been found, three-fourths of which at least are used as food. Sharks and rays are caught for their fins, which are prepared for the Chinese market. The fresh-water fish fauna is relatively unimportant. Terrestrial and marine molluscs are very abundant, the Philippines having the richest molluscan fauna of any equal area in the world, and many of the shells are of great beauty. Many of the molluscs are edible and of con siderable local importance. Pearl oysters abound and the pearls of the Sulu archipelago have an international reputation. The shells of Placuna placenta are a welcome substitute for window glass. Land molluscs are found in great variety and are remark able for their beauty. The best sponges of the southern islands are equal to those of the Mediterranean. Coral beds are numerous.
328 (census of 1918 of regularly organized provinces and sub provinces), races were represented as follows: brown, 9,386,826; yellow 50,826; white, 12,390; American negro, 185; seta, 7,438; and mestizo, or mixed blood, 34,663. There were 9,428,291 Fili pinos, 5,8o8 Americans from the United States, 4,032 Spaniards, 1,202 British, 288 Germans, 182 French, 125 Swiss, 44,239 Chi nese, 8,294 Japanese and 979 others. Literate Filipino citizens of ten years and over numbered 3,759,138; illiterates, 3,242,627. There were 2,601,299 agricultural labourers; professional, 685,507; domestic service, 1,853,804; commercial, 426,547; industrial, 865, 698; unknown, 8,295. There were 7,790,937 Catholics; 1,417,448 Aglipayans ; Protestants ; Mohammedans ; 508,596 Pagans; 24,263 Buddhists; and 5,454 others. The population of the only two incorporated cities, Manila and Baguio, was respec tively 285,306 and 5,464. Cebu, with 65,502 inhabitants, Albay, with 52,756, Iloilo, with 49,114 and Lipa, with 46,547 were the largest municipalities of the first class.
There are 43 ethnographic groups. The Filipinos proper (the descendants of the Malays christianized by the Spaniards) are composed of eight peoples. These are the Bisaya, Bisayans or Visayans (about 4,000,000, several dialectal groups, Bisayan islands) ; the Tagalog (Central Luzon, about 1,800,000) ; the Iloko (Ilocanos, in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and neighbouring provinces, about i,000,000) ; the Bikol (Albay, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, Luzon, about 700,0001: the Paneasinan (about 400,000) ; the Pampangan (Pampanga and Tarlac, about 350,000) ; Ibanag (Cagayan, about 156,0o0) ; and the Sambal (Zambales, about 56,000). These are all Christians, and other Christian groups, in all about 41,000, exist among other peo ples. The classified pagan peoples are represented by 18 groups, the unclassified pagans by 12, and the Moros by 7. Of the 43 lan guages and dialects, those with an extensive printed literature are the Tagalog, Bisaya, Iloko, Bikol, Pampangan and Pangasi nan. The non-Christians are di vided into pygmies, Indonesians and Malays. The first are the Negritos (small blacks), who probably represent three quite distinct aboriginal races ; viz., the true Negrito ; a straight-haired dwarf type of strong mongoloid affinities, to whom the name Proto-Malay has been applied ; and the Australoid-Ainu, a dwarf hairy man intermediate between the aboriginal Australian and the Ainu of northern Japan. The three types, however, are now thor oughly mixed. The pygmy types are found in the Apayao swamp regions, the Ilokos mountains, the Luzon mountains, the Bisaya islands and Mindanao.