The Indonesians were immigrants who appear to have mixed extensively with the pygmy peoples and others. They practised a crude agriculture, but lived mainly by hunting and fishing. They had two types of houses—one built in trees and the other on the ground. Their early speech is gone, but there are remnants of it in the different Philippine languages. They are found now in northern Luzon, the Bisaya islands, Mindoro, Palawan, east and central Mindanao, the Zamboanga peninsula and the Sulu archi pelago. Like the pygmies they live in the thinly populated forest regions. The non-Christian Malays are pagan or Mohammedan. The pagan Malays (Tinggians, Bontok, Igorot and Ifugao) live in the mountainous interior of northern Luzon. Their lands are largely deforested and thickly populated. They practise irrigation by an elaborate and extensive system of channels and ditches, some several miles long. The mountain sides of Ifugao form the most extensive terrace system in the world, and this has existed for centuries. About one-half the Tinggians, who live in Abra Province and near by regions, are Christians and have attained a high culture. The Bontok, whose origin is not known, have mixed quite generally with their neighbours and approach the Igorot and the Ifugao in culture. The Igorot inhabit Benguet, Lepanto and Amburayan. They grow and weave cotton, make baskets and have mined gold and copper for centuries. Their culture has been influenced by contact with the Iloko. The Ifugao are the most numerous of all pagan groups. They inhabit Ifugao, Benguet, Bontok and Nueva Vizcaya. They possess a relatively high cul ture, which seems to have come from south China. The Ifugao are remarkable for their stone-walled terraces, wooden, pyra midal, rat-proof houses, their clan type of social organization and ancestor worship, and private ownership of real property. These peoples were formerly all head-hunters.
The Moros, representing seven ethnographic groups, live almost exclusively in the Sulu archipelago at the southern end of Pala wan, and the Mindanao provinces of Zamboanga, Cotobato and Lanao. Many also live in northern Borneo, and it is not uncom mon for them to pass to the Philippines. The great majority are apparently descended from native pagans who were moham medanized subsequent to the 14th century by outsiders from Sumatra and the Malay peninsula, via Borneo. Their descendants still constitute the ruling class and are the strongest adherents to the Mohammedan faith. The Moros have long been famous for their fine metal work, wood-carving and weaving. Only since 1915 have the Moros surrendered their temporal power.
At the time of the Spanish conquest the ancestors of the present Christian peoples had a fairly well defined social and political organization and possessed written alphabets of Hindu derivation. Where Mohammedanism was already strongly established, as among the Moros, it maintained its hold, but the animistic belief of the others yielded easily to Christianity. The ancestors of the present pagans had comparatively little contact with Christianity during the Spanish regime. As a whole, the people have great self respect and personal dignity, are eager for education, musi cally inclined, hospitable and impressionable. In social contact they are a charming, idealistic race. Their evolution is probably toward a homogeneous people, but the racial cleavages are very apparent and sometimes stand in the way of united and lasting action. Their political development, which has been manipulated by clever politicians, has outstripped their other attainments.
Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Bohol, Union, Leyte, Iloilo, Batanes, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Samar, Laguna and Cagayan. The Indonesian peoples of northern Luzon are careful agricul turists, especially the Ifugao, whose rice terraces are among the marvels of the orient. In all parts of the archipelago, one still sees the old destructive caingin method of clearing by which forests are burned and the soil denuded of humus.
The amounts and approximate values of the crops in 1926 were as follows: rice, 2,264,772 short tons, value, $102,025,500; corn, 375,400 short tons, $18,685,000; sugar and sugar products (sugar, 573,650 short tons, raw sugar, 36,120 short tons, basi, 1,136,010 gal., and molasses, 1,568,563 gal.), $40,568,500; coco nuts, 1,627,379,000 (trees in bearing, 54,650,000; producing 26,161,278 gal. of tuba or sap, 404,670 short tons of copra, 472, 429 gal. of coconut oil ; desiccated coconut and home consump tion, 148,759,000 coco-nuts), $40,684,500; abaci. 212,520 short tons, $33,248,500; tobacco, 748,920,000 lb., $18,685,000. Rice is the largest crop and is entirely consumed in the archipelago, but additional supplies have always been imported. In 1926, imports of rice cost $4.500,000 and in 1927 only $1,000,000. At the same time there has been an increase in the import of wheat flour. Much land is still available for rice. Corn is grown especially in Cebu. The first sugar was exported to the United States in 1795 (132 long tons). Until the establishment of the first sugar factory, or central, in 1910, the sugar made was practically all muscovado, but in 1926 the,34 centrals were making centrifugal sugar and had a daily capacity of 529,993 metric tons of cane. Cane is grown principally in Occidental Negroes, Pampanga, Batangas, Mindoro, Iloilo, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan and Tarlac. Albay is the best cane producing region. Other fibres produced are maguey, sisal, cotton, kapok, and pifia. The Philippines rank after the Dutch East Indies and the Malay Federated States in the production of coco-nuts. The best grades of tobacco come from Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya, which furnish the exports Among fruits are various citrus fruits, mangoes, bananas (many varieties), nancas, chicos, lanzones, watermelons and guavas. The peanut crop is of increasing importance. Sweet-potatoes are raised in all parts for local consumption. Bamboos are gathered for build ing purposes, and bamboo buds and shoots are eaten as a salad. The areca nut is an important product, and wrapped in lime and betel leaf constitutes the betel chewed throughout Malaysia.