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Christina Georgina Rossetti
Rossetti, Christina Georgina English Poet, Was The Youngest Of The Four Children Of Gabriele Rossetti. (see Article On Her Brother Dante Gabriel Rossetti.) She Was Born At 38 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, London, On Dec. 5, 183o. She Enjoyed The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Strange Society Of Italian Exiles ...

Church Reunion
Reunion, Church. The Movements For The Reunion Of The Churches, Especially Among English-speaking Christians, Are Due Mainly To Two Causes. In The First Place, The Reasons For Division, Which Seemed Once To Be Based On Spiritual Principles About Which No Compromise Was Possible, Have Grown Fainter Than They Were. Few ...

Classification Of Kinship Terminologies
Classification Of Kinship Terminologies The Foundation Of The Scientific Study Of This Subject Was Laid By Lewis H. Morgan In His Systems Of Consanguinity And Affinity Of The Human Family (smithsonian Contributions To Knowledge, Xvii., Washington, 1871). In This Great Work Were Assembled Comprehensive Schedules For Every Major Area Of ...

Classification Of Religions
Classification Of Religions Various Attempts Have Been Made To Classify Religions, But With Only Partial Success, And There Is No Generally Accepted Scheme. Every Religion Is A Complex Of Many Elements, And There Is No One Specific Feature Which Adequately Characterizes It. One Of The Earlier Classifications Is That Of ...

Claude Henri De Rouvroy
Saint-simon, Claude Henri De Rouvroy, Comte De (1760-1825), French Socialist, Was Born In Paris On Oct. 17, 1760. He Fought In The War Of American Independence, Was Imprisoned In The Luxembourg During The Terror, And, On His Release, Amassed A Small Fortune By Land Speculation. He Was Also The Originator ...

Claudius Salmasius
Salmasius, Claudius, The Latinized Name Of Claude Saumaise (1588-1653), French Classical Scholar, Born At Semur En-auxois In Burgundy On April 15, 1588. He Was Educated At. Paris And Heidelberg, Where He Went Over To Protestantism. In 1609 He Brought Out An Edition Of Florus. He Then Returned To Burgundy, And ...

Cola Di Rienzi
Rienzi, Cola Di (c. 1313-1354), Tribune Of The Roman People, Was Born In Rome, The Son Of A Tavern-keeper Named Lorenzo Gabrini. His Father's Christian Name Was Shortened To Rienzo, And His Own, Nicholas, To Cola; Hence The Cola Di Rienzi, Or Rienzo, By Which He Is Generally Known. His ...

Comte De C I
Saint-germain, Comte De (c. I 7 I 0-c. 178o) Called Der Wundermann, A Celebrated Adventurer. Of His Parentage And Place Of Birth Nothing Is Definitely Known; The Common Version Is That He Was A Portuguese Jew. He Knew Nearly All The European Languages, And Spoke German, English, Italian, French (with ...

Constantine Rhigas
Rhigas, Constantine, Known As Rhigas Of Velestinos (pherae), Or Rhigas Pheraios (176o-1798), Greek Patriot And Poet, Was Born At Velestinos, And Was Educated At Zagora And At Constantinople, Where He Became Secretary To Alexander Ypsilanti. In 1786 He Entered The Service Of Nicholas Mavro Genes, Hospodar Of Wallachia, At Bucharest, ...

Cosmology
Cosmology According To The Simple Views Of Space And Time Which Prevailed Before The Advent Of Relativity, Time Had No Properties Except Duration, And Space Had No Properties Except Extension. Every Instant Of Time Was, In Its Essence, Precisely Similar To Every Other Instant Of Time, So That Time Must ...

Cultivation And Chem Istry
Rubber: Botany, Cultivation And Chem Istry. During His Second Visit To South America, Columbus Was Astonished To See The Native Indians Amusing Themselves With A Black, Heavy Ball Made From A Vegetable Gum. Later Explorers Were Equally Impressed By These Balls, And An Historian Of The Time Remarked That They ...

Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia; And Little Entente). Relations With Russia Remained, Meanwhile, Extremely Strained, Especially As Italy And Japan Still Hesitated To Ratify The Bessarabian Treaty. During 'on Dec. 9, 192o An Infernal Machine Exploded In The Senate Killing The Bishop Radu And Mortally Wounding D. Grecianu (the Minister Of Justice) And Another ...

Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel English Poet And Painter, Was Born On May 12, 1828, At 38 Charlotte Street, London. He Was The Second Of The F Our Children Of Gabriele Rossetti (1783-1854), Italian Poet And Liberal, A Po Litical Refugee From Naples, Who Came To England About 1824, And Married In ...

David Alfred Thomas Rhondda
Rhondda, David Alfred Thomas, 1st Vis Count, Cr. 1918 (1856-1918), British Colliery Owner And States Man, Was Born On March 26, 1856, In Aberdare. His Father Had Enriched Himself By Speculations In Coal. Thomas Was Educated At Clifton College, And Caius College, Cambridge, Where He Gradu Ated In The Mathematical ...

David Ricardo
Ricardo, David ( ,1772-1823), English Economist, Was Born In London On April 19, 1772, Of Jewish Origin. His Father, Who Was Of Dutch Birth, Was A Successful Member Of The Stock Exchange. In 1786 Ricardo Entered His Father's Office, Where He Showed Much Aptitude For Business, But In Consequence Of ...

David Rontgen
Rontgen, David, Sometimes Called David De Lune Ville (1743-1807), German Cabinet-maker, Eldest Son Of Abra Ham Röntgen, Was Born At Herrenhag On Aug. 1, 1743 And Died At Wiesbaden On Feb. 12, 1807. In 1753 His Father Migrated To Neu Wied, Near Coblenz, Where He Established A Furniture Factory. He ...

David Ruhnken
Ruhnken, David One Of The Most Illus Trious Scholars Of The Netherlands, Was Of German Origin, Having Been Born In Pomerania In 1723. His Parents Had Him Educated For The Church, But After Two Years At The University Of Witten Berg He Determined To Live The Life Of A Scholar. ...

Deferred Rebates
Rebates, Deferred. A Deferred Rebate Is A Discount On The Invoice Price Returned After A Lapse Of Time To A Trader, On Certain Conditions, As A Means Of Maintaining Monopoly And Keeping Out Would-be Competitors From The Trade. The System Is In Use In Many Branches Of British Trade And ...

Deltaic Outlets Of Tideless
Deltaic Outlets Of Tideless Rivers Large Rivers Heavily Charged With Sand And Silt, When Their Current Is Gradually Arrested On Entering A Tideless, Or Nearly Tideless, Sea, Deposit These Materials As A Constantly Advancing Fan-shaped Shoal Through Which Comparatively Shallow Diverging Channels, Almost Devoid Of Fall, Have To Force Their ...

Diseases Of Respiratory System
Respiratory System, Diseases Of. The Great Extent Of The Respiratory System Reaching From The Lips And Nostrils To The Ultimate Air Cells Of The Lungs, The Numerous Muscles, In Trinsically And Extrinsically Concerned With Respiratory Movements, The Object Of Respiration, To Wit, Aeration Of The Blood, The Mani Fest Interrelationships ...

Diseases Of The Air
Diseases Of The Air Passages General Measures.—an Important Function Of The Nose Is To See That The Air Reaches The Warmed, Moistened And Filtered From Micro-organisms. In This Connection The Importance Of Adequate Treatment, Either Medical Or Surgical, Of Conditions Causing Nasal Or Pharyngeal Obstruction And Therefore Leading To Mouth ...

Diseases Of The Lungs
Diseases Of The Lungs Pneumonia.—study Of The Causal Organism, The Pneumo Coccus, By Duchez, Gillespie And Cole In America, Served To Ex Plain In Some Degree The Failure Of Serum Treatment In This Disease In The Past. They Have Shown That There Are At Least Four Types Of Pneumococcus, Each ...

Diseases Of The Pleura
Diseases Of The Pleura Pleurisy With Effusion And Empyema.—new Methods Of Tapping The Pleura Have Been Introduced, Including The Replace Ment Of The Fluid By Sterile Air Or Oxygen By Means Of An Apparatus Like That For Inducing Pneumothorax. This May Be Particularly Helpful In Regard To Chronic Or Recurrent ...

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino Argentine Educator, Author, Journalist And President Of The Repub Lic, Was Born In San Juan De La Frontera On Feb. 14, 181i. He Had Little Formal Education And At An Early Age, Because Of His Political Opinions, Took Refuge In Chile, Where He Earned A Precarious Liveli ...

Dukes Of Kiev
Dukes Of Kiev From The Reign Of Sviatoslav's Youngest Son Vladimir The Nor Man Dynasty Was Definitely Settled In Kiev. It Still Preserved Its Connections With Other Parts Of Europe, Attempted Distant Mili Tary Expeditions Against Its Slav Neighbours And Ruled The Large Territory From The Northern Lakes To The ...

Earls Ok Rothes
Rothes, Earls Ok The First Earl Of Rothes Was George Leslie, Son Of Norman Leslie Of Rothes In Moray And Of Ballin Breich In Fife. In 1445 He Was Created Baron Leslie Of Leven, And About 1458 Earl Of Rothes In The Peerage Of Scotland. His Grandson George, The 4th ...

Earls And Dukes Of
Roxburghe, Earls And Dukes Of. Robert Ker, 1st Earl Of Roxburghe (c. 157o-165o), Was The Eldest Son Of William Ker Of Cessford (d. 1606) And The Grandson Of Sir Walter Ker (d. C. 1584), Who Fought Against Mary Queen Of Scots Both At Carberry Hill And At Langside. He Was ...

Earls And Dukes Of
Richmond, Earls And Dukes Of. The Title Earl Of Richmond Appears To Have Been In Existence In England A Considerable Time Before It Was Held In Accordance With Any Strict Legal Principle. Alan, Surnamed "le Roux," And His Brother Alan (c. 1040-1089), Surnamed "le Noir," Relatives Of Geoffrey, Count Of ...

Earls And Dukes Of_2
Rutland, Earls And Dukes Of. The Ist Earl Of Rutland Was Edward Plantagenet (1373-1415), Son Of Edmund, Duke Of York, And Grandson Of King Edward Iii. In 1390 He Was Created Earl Of Rutland, But Was To Hold The Title Only During The Lifetime Of His Father, On Whose Death ...

Edmond 1869 1918 Rostand
Rostand, Edmond (1869-1918), French Dramatist, Was Born On April 1, 1869, The Son Of A Prominent Marseilles Journalist And Economist. His First Play, A Burlesque, Les Ro Manesques, Was Produced On The 21st Of May 1894 At The The Atre Francais. He Took The Motive Of His Second Piece, La ...

Edmond 1869 1918 Rostand_2
Rostand, Edmond (1869-1918), French Dramatist, Was Born On April 1, 2869, The Son Of A Prominent Marseilles Journalist And Economist. His First Play, A Burlesque, Les Ro Manesques, Was Produced On The 21st Of May 1894 At The The Atre Francais. He Took The Motive Of His Second Piece, La ...

Edward Montagu Or Moun
Sandwich, Edward Montagu Or Moun Tagu, 1st Earl Of (1625-1672), English Admiral, Born On July 27, 1625, Was A Son Of Sir Sidney Montagu (d. 1644) Of Hinchinbrook, Who Was A Brother Of Henry Montagu, Ist Earl Of Manchester, And Of Edward Montagu, 1st Lord Montagu Of Boughton. He Joined ...

Edward Robinson
Robinson, Edward American Biblical Scholar, Was Born In Southington, Conn., On April 1o, 1794. In 1837 He Became Professor Of Biblical Literature In Union Theologi Cal Seminary, And Left America For Three Years Of Study In Pales Tine And Germany, The Fruit Of Which, His Biblical Researches (published Simultaneously In ...

Effects Of Refugee Movements
Effects Of Refugee Movements Broadly Speaking, The General Features Of These Movements Of Population May Be Summarized As Follows : The Great Emigration Of Russian Political Refugees Was, In The First Instance, Regarded As An Almost Unmixed Evil Both For Europe And For The Refugees Themselves. Their Great Suffering Was ...

Electromagnetic Forces
Electromagnetic Forces The Restricted Physical Theory Of Relativity Introduced A Revo Lution Into The Foundations Of Scientific Thought By Destroying The Objectivity Of Time And Space. The Gravitational Theory Has Effected A Hardly Less Important Revolution By Destroying Our Belief In The Reality Of Gravitation As A "force." The Physicist ...

Elihu Root
Root, Elihu American Lawyer And Polit Ical Leader, Was Born At Clinton (n.y.), On Feb. 15, 1845. He Graduated At Hamilton College Where His Father Was A Professor In 1864, Taught At The Rome (n.y.) Academy In 1865, And Grad Uated At The University Law School, New York City, In ...

Ernest 1823 1892 Renan
Renan, Ernest (1823-1892), French Philosopher And Orientalist, Was Born On Feb. 27, 1823, At Treguier. His Father's People Were Of The Fisher-clan Of Renans Or Ronans. He Was Only Five Years Old When His Father Died, And His Sister Henriette, Twelve Years Older Than Ernest, A Girl Of Remarkable Character, ...

Essentials To Be Rendered
Essentials To Be Rendered Mass.—from The Renderer's Point Of View A Building Is, In The First Place, A Material Mass. While It Is Not, In Actuality, A Mass In The Sense That A Mountain Is A Mass, I.e., It Is Not A Solid, Never Theless The Effect Of Solidity Is ...

Ethics And Eschatology
Ethics And Eschatology The Ethical Element Is Of Fundamental Importance In Determin Ing The Quality Of A Religion : It Is A Powerful Factor In Elevating The Object Of Worship, The Religious Relation, And The Religious Life. At The Pre-deistic Stage The Sacred Is Interpenetrated With Magical Beliefs, And Ethical ...

Etienne Henri 1818 1881 Sainte Claire
Sainte-claire Deville, Etienne Henri (1818-1881), French Chemist, Was Born On March Ii, 1818, In The Island Of St. Thomas, West Indies, Where His Father Was French Consul. Together With His Elder Brother Charles He Was Educated In Paris At The College Rollin. In 1844, Having Graduated As Doctor Of Medicine ...

Fabrizio 1744 1827 Ruffo
Ruffo, Fabrizio (1744-1827), Neapolitan Cardinal And Politician, Was Born At San Lucido, Calabria, On Sept. 16, His Father, Litterio Ruffo, Was Duke Of Baranello, And His Mother, Giustiniana, Was A Colonna. Ruffo Was Placed By Pope Pius Vi. Among The Chierici Di Camera—the Clerks Who Formed The Papal Civil And ...

Felicien 1833 1898 Rops
Rops, Felicien (1833-1898), Belgian Painter, Designer And Engraver, Was Born At Namur, In Belgium, On July 7, 1833 ; He Spent His Childhood In That Town, And Afterwards In Brussels, Where He Composed In 1856, For His Friends At The University, The Almanach Crocodilien, His First Piece Of Work. He ...

Female Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs The Ovary Is An Organ Which In Shape And Size Somewhat Resembles A Large Almond, Though Its Appearance Varies In Different Individuals, And At Different Times Of Life. It Lies In The Side Wall Of The Pelvis And Is Attached To The Uterus By The Ligament Of ...

Ferdinand Richthofen
Richthofen, Ferdinand, Baron Von (1833-1905), German Geographer And Traveller, Was Born Near Karlsruhe, Silesia, On May 5, 1833. He Was Educated At Breslau And Berlin, And In 1856 Carried Out Geological Investigations In The Tirol, Subse Quently Extending Them To Transylvania. In 1859 He Accompanied As Geologist The Prussian Diplomatic ...

Flanders And Holland Iv
Iv. Renaissance Architecture In Germany, Flanders And Holland In The 16th Century, Germany Resisted, More Than France Or Spain, The Italian Influence. The Classic Spirit In Art Was Appar Ently Less Congenial To Her Civilization, Which Lacked The Latin Basis, And She Had Not Suffered, Like France And Spain, The ...

Francisco De Sa De
Sa De Miranda, Francisco De Portuguese Poet, Was The Son Of A Canon Of Coimbra Belonging To The Ancient And Noble Family Of Si. He Probably Made His First Studies Of Greek, Latin And Philosophy In One Of The Colleges Of The Old City, And In 1505 Went To Lisbon ...

Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano ), Thirty-second President Of The United States, Was Born At Hyde Park, N. Y., Jan. 3o, 1882. His Father, James Roosevelt A Wealthy Landowner, Vice-president Of The Delaware & Hudson Railroad, And Democratic Politician, Held Several Minor Dip Lomatic Offices Under President Cleveland; His Mother, Sara Delano, ...

Frederick Sleigh Roberts Roberts
Roberts, Frederick Sleigh Roberts, Earl (1832-1914), British Soldier, Second Son Of General Sir Abraham Roberts, G.c.b., Was Born At Cawnpore, India, On Sept. 3o, 1832. Educated At Eton, Sandhurst And Addiscombe, He Obtained A Commission In The Bengal Artillery On Dec. 12, 1851. In The Follow Ing Year He Was ...

Friedrich Christoph Von 1719
Saldern, Friedrich Christoph Von (1719- 1785), Prussian Soldier And Military Writer, Entered The Army In 1735, And Was Transferred To The Guards In 1739. As One Of Fred Erick's Aides-de-camp He Was The First To Discover The Approach Of Neipperg's Austrians At Mollwitz. He Commanded A Guard Bat Talion At ...

Friedrich Wilhelm 1806 1876 Ritschl
Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm (1806-1876), Ger Man Scholar, Was Born In 1806 In Thuringia. He Was Well Taught In Youth By Spitzner, A Pupil Of Gottfried Hermann, Spent A Year At Leipzig, And In 1826 Went To Halle. He Went To Bonn In 1839, Where He Controlled A Philological Seminary. The ...

From The London Conference
From The London Conference To The Dawes Committee The London Ultimatum.—on April 27, 1921, The Repara Tion Commission Announced Their "assessment" As 132 Milliard Gold Marks (6,600 Million Sterling, Or 58% Of The Claim). The Decision Did Not Refer To Germany's "capacity To Pay" At All— It Was A Computation ...

From The Treaty To
From The Treaty To The London Conference San Remo To Spa.—in April And May 1920 The Allies (great Britain, Belgium, France, Italy And Japan) Met In Conferences At San Remo And Hythe, And Discussed The Methods Of Comput Ing The Liability Of The Enemy Countries And Also Of Sharing The ...

Gaetano Salvemini
Salvemini, Gaetano (1873– ), Italian Historian, Was Born In Molfetta In Sept. 1873. In 1902 He Became Professor Of Mediaeval And Modem History At Messina University. He Then Went To Pisa University, And In 1917 Was Appointed To The Chair Of History At Florence University. His Best Known Historical Works ...

Garcia De Resende
Resende, Garcia De (147o-1536), Portuguese Poet And Editor, Was Born At Evora, And Began To Serve John Ii. As A Page At The Age Of Ten, Becoming His Private Secretary In 1491. He Was Present At His Death At Alvor On Oct. 25, 1495. He Continued To Enjoy The Same ...

Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous Exchange The Extent Of Gaseous Exchange In Man Varies Greatly With The Size And Age Of The Person, The Degree Of Activity, Etc. The Absolute Minimum Of Oxygen Consumption For Any Person Is Known As The Basal Metabolism And Is That Which Takes Place When The Person Is At ...

Georg Friedrich Bernhard 1826 1866
Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard (1826-1866), German Mathematician, Was Born On Sept. 17, 1826, At Breselenz, Near Dannenberg In Hanover. In 1840 He Went To Hanover, Where He Attended The Lyceum And Two Years Later He Entered The Johanneum At Liineburg. The Director, Schmalfuss, Encouraged Him In His Mathematical Studies By ...

George 1578 1644 Sandys
Sandys, George (1578-1644), English Traveller, Col Onist And Poet, The Seventh And Youngest Son Of Edwin Sandys Archbishop Of York, Was Born On March 2, 1578. He Studied At St. Mary Hall, Oxford, But Took No Degree. On His Travels, Which Began In 161o, He First Visited France; From North ...